The Portrayal of Existentialism Within Becketts Play, Rockaby Essay Example for Free

The Portrayal of Existentialism Within Becketts Play, Rockaby Essay The Portrayal of Existentialism Within Beckett’s Play, Rockaby â€Å"Ever attempted. Ever fizzled. Regardless. Attempt once more. Bomb once more. Bomb better. † The expressions of Samuel Beckett, from his play Worstward Ho, written in 1983, reverberation the beliefs and methods of reasoning behind absurdist theater and Existentialism. Made in the mid 1950s, absurdist theater dismisses the traditional strategies of theater for bizarre and silly shows so as to make an effect and impression, and present the perspective of Existentialism to a crowd of people through an imaginative medium. Absurdism is impacted by the Existentialist perspective, particularly the idea of human presence going before any embodiment throughout everyday life. Absurdist writers, for example, Samuel Beckett, Eugene Ionesco and Jean Genet, present a contorted perspective on humankind in their plays, through their own perspective which echoes the principles of Existentialism. Samuel Beckett’s play, Rockaby, would one say one is such play that fuses non- ­? pragmatist (silly) theater procedures to complement the existential perspective. Beckett successfully controls the Dramatic Languages and Elements of absurdist, non- ­? straight story, imagery and voice, to show Existentialism through a creative representation of the perspective. Beckett adequately misuses the procedure of absurdist, non- ­? straight story to highlight the way of thinking of Existentialism inside Rockaby. One of the most well-known statements used to clarify Existentialism is â€Å"existence goes before substance. † This expression can be converted into the thought of not knowing the slightest bit about the past or future, however just ‘being’ †presence precedes any significance of life deciphered from information on noteworthy or future occasions. The procedure of non- ­? direct account, utilized inside Rockaby, communicates this conviction impeccably in emotional terms. Absurdist, Non- ­? straight account is used through the roundabout, tedious nature of the content †a method that features the existentialists’ perspective on life as aimless and the redundant sitting back hanging tight for death. Moreover, this round story gives no start or end, underlining the existential conviction of presence preceding any significance of life, including both information on history just as future (starting and end). The play starts with the word ‘more’. There is no specific circumstance, no comprehension of what has occurred or is going to occur. The lady just shows up, says ‘more’, at that point the play starts. This proceeds in every one of the four segments, starting with ‘more’, and finishing with quietness, broken distinctly by the following ‘more’. This roundabout movement features the trivial condition of life, and the ridiculousness of living just to hold up til' the very end. The roundabout story is unpredictable in that it despite everything creates and develops, with the account advancing from sitting at a window, to drawing the blinds, to descending the steps, to hanging tight in the rocker for death, to passing on. Despite the fact that this doesn't impeccably follow a round account, it despite everything features Existential conviction: that life is insignificant, pointless and ridiculous, that the main decision we have in a futile life is to practice our psyches, to comprehend our idiocy and accordingly become answerable for our own reality. The play starts with the lady sitting at the window, looking the outside world for another such as herself †another who can give her importance and demonstrate her reality. This activity in itself is an activity of her brain. Notwithstanding, her gauges drop later in the play and her psychological incitement becomes less, as she gets content just to see development inside one of the windows inverse hers as confirmation of the presence of another life, and subsequently making importance in her own life. Upon the acknowledgment it was ‘time she stopped’ this looking futile, she shuts the visually impaired (an image of death) previously plummeting †both truly and sincerely †to her armchair, where she sits and sits tight for death. In spite of the fact that the account is to some degree roundabout, it despite everything passes on an account of the woman’s unique looking for importance, an acknowledgment of her silliness and separation in a unimportant world, her acknowledgment of the craziness, and her purpose to sit tight for death. Through this utilization of absurdist account, Beckett draws out the way of thinking of Existentialism more grounded than through any of the other emotional strategies he joins. Along these lines, Samuel Beckett consolidates imagery inside Rockaby to viably introduce the perspective of Existentialism to the crowd. One of the most huge standards inside Existentialism keeps up the conviction that life is good for nothing, futile and ludicrous, and that people live incredible dissipate into nothingness in a vacant, insignificant universe. The center subject in the play, ‘W’, and her activities, are utilized to pass on this conviction to the crowd. One of the main, most evident employments of imagery is inside the outfit decisions. Beckett’s [1984] notes on the play, as distributed in the ‘Collected Shorter Plays of Samuel Beckett,’ are extremely specific in depicting what kind of outfit ought to be worn: â€Å"Black silky high- ­? necked†¦ Long sleeves. Stream sequins†¦ Incongruous hat set with luxurious cutting to get the light† †A burial service outfit. This features the sentiment of death and completion of life, an idea that is resounded all through the play. The thought of ‘drawing down the blind’ is another image for death, as per Professor Eoin O’Brien [1986] who states, â€Å"A drawn visually impaired is an old custom meaning death†. The exact opposite thing the lady does before plunking down in her rocker is â€Å"let down the blind,† in this way stressing the bleak, good for nothing standards of life depicted in absurdism and its existential establishments. The window is likewise use to make imagery, as a portrayal of the woman’s look for another â€Å"one living soul†¦ like herself,† which insinuates the longing for significance, request and the finding of self- ­? worth and self- ­? definition in the disclosure of another life. Beckett echoes the ramifications of Bishop Berkeley’s words: â€Å"to be is to be seen. † [Cited in Davis, R. : 1988] Berkeley is stating that life is not all that much or not exactly the condition apparent. It is this existential reason and significance of life that the lady scans for. In looking for another living soul, she longs to discover significance for herself, a hunt that is futile, as she finds nobody and is seen by nobody. The woman’s life and demonstration of living is additionally investigated through the image of the armchair. The title, Rockaby, alludes to a children’s cradlesong, and, the first French name, Berceuse, means mean both ‘rocking chair’ and ‘lullaby’. In utilizing this title, Beckett unites two compared ideas: that of birth (in the feeling of the Rockaby infant nursery rhyme) and demise (the infant tumbling from the treetop). This is additionally investigated in the utilization of the untainted interest for â€Å"more† combined with the representative references to mature age and demise, through the ensemble and attitude of the lady in the seat. In this manner, it is clear that Beckett fuses various representative references inside his play to bring to the front line the way of thinking of Existentialism. Besides, Beckett uses the methods of voice to underscore the idiocy inside his play, Rockaby. â€Å"The Absurdists’ plays reflect†¦ that individuals have lost the capacity to impart. † [Crawford, A. , et al. , 2003] This is reflected in a significant number of Beckett’s plays as the procedures of voice and language much of the time convey an incoherent, silly, void tone that is normal for absurdism. This is the same in Rockaby, where the voice over, relating the life of the lady in the seat, follows a disconnected, yet cadenced, design. This disconnection echoes the idea of comparing youth with slightness and mature age. The straightforwardness and discontinuity of the voice makes a virtuous notion, yet the slightness of the voice keeps up the thought old enough and shortcoming. Mood in voice is additionally an as often as possible utilized method in absurdist plays. The content of Rockaby follows an unbending ‘to and fro’ feeling, following the daze  ­? like condition of the armchair and the dimetric stream of the lines, which are very stanza like: â€Å"Time she/quit Sitting at her/window Quiet at her/window Only/window Facing other/windows Only other/windows All/eyes All/sides High and/low Time she/stopped† The methods of quietness and respite inside the voice are likewise broadly utilized inside absurdist theater, and Rockaby is no special case. The voiceover utilized regularly delays, adding pressure and impact to the section  ­? like lines. Quiet is additionally fused in the break toward the finish of each ‘section’ of the play. The lady in the seat irregularly participate with the last lines of each segment: ‘time she stopped’, ‘living soul’ and ‘rock her off’. This prompts a quiet, finished distinctly by the woman’s interest for ‘more’, before the voice over proceeds the incoherent, cadenced account. Each time the lady participate with the portrayal, her voice becomes more fragile and progressively delicate, gradually lessening until, toward the finish of the last segment, she neglects to participate, falling into haziness and demise. Absurdism is significantly additionally investigated in the voice through the way the voice over talks in third individual, yet is the woman’s own voice. This disengages the lady from

Relations Political Economy Factors Australia-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About The Relations Political Economy Factors Australia? Answer: Introducation The Australian political framework has arrangements, for example, visas (Collins, 2013, pp. 160). Vagrants inspired by business are given transient visas for either single passage or for various sections and those intrigued by brief business gave with long haul visas permitting profoundly gifted faculty to come to Australia to work for an affirmed manager for as long as four years. The assessment framework forced on the vagrant's compensation is to stay away from the executives or underpayment. Financial framework The free market and unhindered commerce have opened new position chances to transient specialists. Additionally, an expansion or diminishing of the Australian protections trade will impact the entering of vagrant specialists. The economy and securities exchange influence the accomplishment of various organizations, and this accomplishment or disappointment streams down the business chain and influences its representatives who could be transnational transient laborers. It likewise can influence whether individuals are recruited or not because of the organization's capacity to do as such with their benefits. Legitimate System Both the Statutory Law and Common Law may contrast in every nation; the business pace of high talented transient specialists will be influenced by the acknowledgment of ventures in the nation relying upon the endorsement of the legitimate framework. Casual economy Debasement inside the business is less as per the Corruption Perceptions Index controlled by master appraisals and feeling studies. Nonetheless, impact People maintaining side sources of income on their essential or genuine activity and enter legitimate firms by paying off the board individuals or proprietors. Social perspectives Taking a gander at Australias social perspectives, Australia is an extraordinary nation to move to with a great deal of Business thinking about the accompanying elements. In the first place, the political advantages and constraints which encourages the force separation has a low score in Australia and demonstrates that correspondence among administrators and representatives at their working environment is helpful and decreases the odds of a battle for political force (Bernadette and sanders, 2013, pp. 610).Respect for conventions as appeared by the long time direction guarantees that Australians and rehearsing great governmental issues. The confidence demonstrated from extravagance score in Australia shows that the individuals have no aversion to rehearsing majority rule government. Independence in Australia prompts individuals to act naturally persuaded and rank themselves as per their accomplishments. Second, the components related with the financial favorable circumstances and hindrances. A little force separation diminishes the likelihood of being jobless in the long haul (Gregory, 2014, pp.328). Long time direction score guarantees that the Australian economy develops. Then again, a high score in extravagance may decrease the degree of sparing in the economy as individuals spend decisively. Defilement is at negligible in Australia in the business as recruiting and advancement of laborers is done dependent on capabilities and work done by independence. Third, way of life favorable position and detriments which encourages the low score of intensity separation since the Australians cultivate all around created formal and casual correspondence that adds invitingness in their everyday life (Fiske, 2016, pp.34). In any case, Long term direction as scored demonstrates that Australians don't stress over occasions that are yet to happen in this manner indicating little readiness. Guilty pleasure score is high in Australia demonstrating that the individuals are hopeful about existence and have figured out how to have a ton of fun without aversion. Because of the high score of independence, Australians are urged to deal with themselves and their close family in the general public. References Fiske, J., Hodge, B. also, Turner, G., 2016. Fantasies of Oz: perusing Australian mainstream society. activities. Collins, J., 2013. Reconsidering Australian migration and foreigner settlement strategy. Diary of Intercultural Studies, 34(2), pp.160-177. Gregory, R., 2014. The two-advance Australian migration strategy and its effect on outsider business results. promoting Download This Paper.- 328. Bernadette van Rijn, M., Yang, H. also, Sanders, K., 2013. Understanding representatives' casual work environment learning: The joint impact of profession inspiration and self-interpretation. Profession improvement universal, 18(6), pp.610-628.

Creativity and Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Imagination and Innovation - Essay Example It results from absence of a pay and the different sexual orientation predispositions that speak to themselves in the general public. The high rate of neediness among ladies is credited to the solitary parenthoods obvious in many nations of the globe. These ladies in neediness have next to zero access to quality social insurance administrations and assets. A few variables influence this state of feminization of neediness. These components place ladies at the most noteworthy dangers of neediness on the planet. Regardless of the way that low salary is the fundamental trigger of this condition, there are many interrelated components of this condition (Costa 2008). Solitary or single parents are at the most elevated hazard since their single salary is lacking to raise kids. Subsequently, the3 plausibility of the youngsters to have decent instruction and better sustenance is decreased essentially. Low pay results from the predisposition in many spots to ladies as they attempt to look for formal business. This cycle continues forever developing destitution among the ladies. Because of the expanded number of unmarried ladies, it is imperative to look at their assorted reasons for destitution. Besides, neediness is frequently multi-dimensional along these lines monetary, socio-social elements and segment factors correspond to build up destitut ion. It is one wonder with different roots and signs. Absence of salary is the essential motivation behind why there are common instances of destitution among ladies. Absence of a wellspring of salary leads such ladies to come up short on the fundamental needs (Chant 2006). It keeps them from accomplishing assets and changing over their money related assets into different degrees of working. Ladies who approach a higher salary can get to capacities, which may altogether build their pay. Because of ladies acquiring not as much as men now and again do, they need access to essential instruction levels and quality training in this manner diminishing their odds of procuring a higher pay. Hardship of higher pay passes on from one ladies age

Bureaucracy and administration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organization and organization - Assignment Example Woodrow Wilson, the originator of the American open organization was an open official who expressed that the English have concentrated well the craft of getting rid of official forces. This spurred the Native Americans and the English to set their administering tones. As per Henry (118), the English and the Indians inspiration for organization were as the consequence of the fulfillment they got for working for the general population and serving the general public to tie them closer. Hamilton is another open civil servant just as one of the principal open executives who filled in as the treasurer of the bureaucratic framework. He was keen on authoritative contraption and examined to make examinations of the science and history of common government. As indicated by Henry, â€Å"Hamilton showed a solid enthusiasm for understanding the regulatory contraption of the state†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.9). He was resolved to compose a book on open organization that would make changes which would give mankind opportunity and satisfaction. He accepted that heads ought to be generously compensated as they had more force than the individuals who selected them and the congress to his suggestions. As per Henry (116), Hamilton’s inspiration was to have any kind of effect to society. To him, doing great to the open was unquestionably more significant than doing admirably for one self. Another helper was his own attributes. Hamilton had the vitality and solid enthusiasm to comprehend organization in alternate point of view and persuade individuals on significance of administration to the general public. He likewise contended that cash doesn't fundamental make life as we know it possible however the bliss of the general population and their opportunity is the thing that should matter most in open organization. The social bureaucratic suggestion directs that hierarchical individuals vary in different manners (Henry 117). There is the regulatory man who is characterized by soundness, passionate needs and deceives. Market analysts use models to have the option to comprehend the adjustments in economy with the adjustment in conduct of men and their exercises. Normal men are inspired by their own personal responsibility like creation gigantic benefits and will utilize all assets accessible to satisfy that. Authoritative men comprehend the conduct of the association just as the crucial their enthusiasm to the general public. As per Henry, â€Å"Administrative man has all the one of a kind quirks, vulnerable sides, and constrained intensity of mental man, be that as it may, as monetary man, additionally comprehends the crucial conduct of the organization†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.117) Henry (118) likewise clarifies unsatisfied officials who are not dazzled by the work they do and request variety of subjects from open managers. A small amount of the open interest to have work fulfillment, including the individuals who don't have the knowledge to deal with the temperaments of others just as not being able to grasp what is required in their occupations. Their inspiration, as indicated by Henry (119), is the government fulfillment which expressed that lion's share of representatives were happy with their occupations and the left rate would be remunerated with employments that met their fulfillment as long the progressions didn't have negative impacts to the association. As indicated by Henry (119), there are likewise the baffled officials who don't welcome the manner in which they are treated in their association. They

Preliminary proposal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fundamental proposition - Research Paper Example The Germans assumed an amazingly huge job in the cause of the virus war since it held a significant vital position. This occurred through various changes among the Germans. It was furthermore, contributed by the post war universal request that came about because of the between Allied work on denaziation. The primary commitments of the virus war incorporated the pragmatist viewpoints that were brought about by the communication between superpowers. A specific accentuation is set on the legitimate and strategic system that continued not just the manner in which the German inquiry was dealt with at the same time, additionally the assessment of the association between superpowers comparable to the way that they upheld their basic advantages. In this way, it is a direct result of the connections between the components identified with conjunction and mediation, the German inquiry that is dissected from a precise point of view was comprised of the most huge issue in the arrangement of the worldwide request that was given after the war (Lewcowicz 14). There was an unpleasant connection between the US and the USSR since the year 1919. In any case, the USSR didn't have a worldwide reach. All things considered, the majority of the contention was performed by nearby and homegrown socialist gatherings close by the administration that is presently in power. In any case, this possibly endured when in 1983; the Spanish Civil War brought about individuals everywhere throughout the world favoring one side (14). The beginning of the virus war that occurred somewhere in the range of 1947 and 1953 occurred after the Second World War. Its primary cause was the Truman Doctrine that occurred in 1947 up to the finish of the Korean War in 1953. It kept going through most piece of the twentieth century (40). The association between the German inquiry and the virus war is applicable to the course materials since it makes it conceivable to connect with different occasions, for example, the recurrence with which France and German, which incorporates Prussia as its key segment have been at war much of the time. These are the Franco-Prussian war

How to trick yourself into thinking that youre writing a report

How to trick yourself into thinking that you’re writing a report Do you have trouble writing? Does it feel like a daunting, excruciatingly slow, and unpleasant task no matter how you approach it? Have no fear, for I am here to teach you how to trick yourself into thinking that youre writing a report, and feel completely productive and proud of yourself when you do. This post burgeoned from my experience with 20.109, or Laboratory Fundamentals in Biological Engineering, this semester, and you can read it along with all my classmates’ posts on our class blog here. This was the first technical communications class I took at MIT, and it has definitely opened up a brand new skillset for me to flounder in and ultimately improve. It has actually been an enjoyably challenging and fascinating course, solidifying my decision that double majoring in Biology and Biological Engineering was a wise recent move. _____________________________________________________________________________________ The Optimal Procrastination Technique:   How to trick yourself into thinking that youre writing a report I would like to share with you an amazing strategy I’ve had the pleasure of discovering via 20.109 this semester. You see, through tireless effort, countless attempts, and endless hours dedicated to grinding out reports for this course, I have finally discovered the most optimal procrastination technique. It is so effective, in fact, that at times it will irrefutably convince you that it is not procrastination, but work of the utmost and immediate importance. It may seem difficult to implement at first glance, but believe me, once you train yourself to stop the urge to write your results down and get the report over with, you will find this technique very easy to master and even quite enjoyable. In the end, you might figure that is it too overwhelming or unnecessary to actually write the report anyway, and your problem is solved! Curious? There are two key steps to for this process to work. 1) Read all of the related literature. ALL of it. Read it in depth and pay attention to all the details. Follow the tangentially-related references and whatever you do, don’t stop reading until you’ve learned the complete history and current state of the field. Figure 1: Schematic demonstrating the process from a more relatable starting point. However, this is biological engineering research, so I recommend you begin the voyage from PubMed, or at least google scholar. (Xkcd 2007). I know, it sounds quite challenging at first. After all, you might just read a few papers and feel like you have a pretty good understanding of what is going on in general and how it fits into the experiments you did in class. DO NOT LET THIS FEELING FOOL YOU. I repeat, you have not learned enough yet. For example, you have to understand that it’s important to read beyond just all of the literature on “Ku80 related NHEJ-repair in CHO cells,” which is probably under 10 papers anyway. Have you at least learned everything about the Ku80 protein? Do you understand its crystal structure? Whatyou didn’t know the crystal structure was elucidated in 2001? Then how are you to possibly understand the molecular mechanism by which it resects double stranded DNA breaks? Aren’t you curious about the differential repair results of your specific cut topology? I mean it’s your precious, darling, unique break-site architecture for crying out loud! Once you feel like you sufficiently unders tand enzyme-DNA dynamics, you can move onto exploring all of DNA repair, or at least homologous repair which you can frequently mentally compare. Don’t forget to really explore all the sub-branches, mechanisms, and implications. It’s also really important that you don’t have a system for organizing all the useful portions of the literature that you readâ€"downloading entire pdfs and dumping them into a folder or bookmarking the tab (try to keep switching it up for fun) should work fine. If there’s anything you don’t understand, a method or a term, immediately open a new tab (Figure 1) and learn about that until your computer overheats or the deadline for the report has passed. Take home message: Don’t feel limited in your exploration! Remember, the point of your MIT education is to learn as much as possible. 2) Make all of your figures before you write anything. Then continuously remake them. Generate many types of visuals from the same data set. Keep changing them as you find little errors or large mistakes in reasoning. Try to make a large supplementary figure section to make sure your reader has a thoroughly comprehensive visual guide to your report. This is the fun part, so give yourself every excuse to keep working on them. Ok, now that you have sharpened your critical reading skills, it’s time to move on to the artsy design skills you’ve dreamed of developing ever since you first used Microsoft paint in second grade. In fact, for nostalgia or for lack of more complex software, you should probably do all your figures in Microsoft paint. Sure you can plan them out in PowerPoint or Illustrator, but make sure to always drift back to Paint for any finishing touches. See how fun it is to manipulate each pixel? There is such a joy in eyeballing where things should be without those pesky guidelines always snapping and giving away the alignment solution! Make sure to spend a lot of time on font, text size, color palette, and especially about positioning the images into your report. This last step is particularly key because you have no idea how the text in your report is going to ultimately look like, so you might as well define it with images first. The text will then easily follow into the spaces you’ve confined. After all, if your report doesn’t look publication quality then how can it possibly contain useful information? So definitely make sure that the figures, and not the text, carry your research. This is also where many versions of the same image come inâ€"if it doesn’t look “pretty” then have you tried changing the significance threshold so your error bars are smaller? You might as well take off the bottom error bars that annoyingly cross the axis anyway, since your audience is scientifically literate and understands that the range is symmetrical. Also, try to log transform your data and otherwise deviate from any “overly-simple” representation to really show that you are a researcher concerned with presenting compelling and clear visual results. Oh god waitâ€"is that a formatting inconsistency? Remake your figures and watch as they grow more beautiful and more plentiful! Hopefully someday research can progress to where readers can follow the images and just rea d between the lines, you know? Then you don’t have to explain anything; just look at the graph people! After you’ve exhausted all possible data files and their representations, you should contemplate a side-career as a picture book author, which is perfectly suited for your visually-dominating, textually-minimalistic approach. Congratulations!  After these steps you should have a lot more files on your computer than when you started! You really have done so much work on this report; you temporarily know everything ever and just look at all those figures!! In fact, at this point you should feel pretty finished, since the remainder of the report is just filling in the wordsâ€"trivial. In fact, it probably feels pointless to detail your results now anyway since you’ve realized it’s all mostly been done before, more carefully and much more impressively in the actual literature. So you should probably just go take a nap, since it took a lot of effort and time to truly master the most productive procrastination approach to large writing projects. You only lose 1/3 of a grade per day for late work, so I encourage you to continue implementing this process after the initial due date. Good luck! _____________________________________________________________________________________ All of the above advice was directly from experience, hah. It turns out that my new love for reading scientific literature was procrastination all along?! Anyway, as a junior, I feel like I have experienced a complete learning shift at MIT this year. The learning shift is roughly from learning how to problem-solve, to learning how to communicate the results of your problem-solving. In the past three months, I have written more technical writing (due to class work and UROP) than the sum of all months prior in my life. This has involved a complete change in habits and mindset. Previously, it has not been difficult to “get by”, as in to pass classes, through adequate exam performance. Whether through regurgitation or manipulation of knowledge (even hastily acquired cursory knowledge from the night before turned morning of), a problem could always be attempted and partial credit could always be earned for effort, synthesis of ideas, and correct train of thoughts (trains of thought? trains of thoughts? being on the right track? all aboard the thought-train!), even if the final answer was incorrect or incomplete. Now, incomplete or incorrect results won’t cut it. The requirement now is not only functioning results, but the ability to describe the background, production, and implications of aforementioned results in a technical, concise, and effective manner. This year Ive really grown in my academic realm, and now Im feeling the time limit before graduation sink in. Now that Im finally mastering MITs intensity and becoming deeply engrossed in my field, I realize I only have one year left and I should already be making plans for the future (what whyyyy I just got hereeeeee). The main skills Ive been developing is being able to grind work out consistently instead of just before (or after) deadlines, and not have a fear of and self-defeating approach to writing. Therefore, I welcome the blarghonetowebosphere (Figure 2) reading my experiences even if Im irrationally nervous about (or maybe just unnecessarily dreading/making a big deal of) writing them, and I will hopefully proceed to pump out more stream-of-consciousness posts about MIT life before its too late*. If you have any questions about MIT, feel free to contact me at [emailprotected]! *before I graduate, not before I lose consciousness Figure 2: You can never have too many perfectly reference-able xkcd comics. You should read Joels post. (Xkcd 2006).

The Struggle To Identify With Genocide - Free Essay Example

In Art Spiegelmans graphic novel Maus, Art spends the entire novel explaining his father Vladeks experience during the Holocaust. The novel itself was very eye opening and at times difficult to read due to its themes. Maus dealt with topics that revolved around genocide, discrimination, mental health, and family conflict. All these themes managed to create a raw and vivid story. Although, the reading Maus draws the attention to one very in depth and important theme. It has to do with how reader still manages to read Vladeks story about the Holocaust and is still astonished by the horrors that occur during genocide. As a society, individuals push these horrors way. It is difficult for humans to understand that evils such as genocide occur as a result of hatred or discrimination. Due to the atrocities committed throughout genocide, it is easier to ignore it as a society. Why is it that as a society it has been accepted to not constantly bring attention to genocide and have a conversation on how we can prevent it? Why is it allowed to be brushed off while there have been recent genocides occurring all over the world such as the genocides in Rwanda and Bosnia? As a society it has been the norm to brush away these acts against humanity. It maybe be due to a lack of education given to the subject or it maybe because as human beings we cannot comprehend it psychologically. As Vladek mentions his Holocaust experience in Maus, It would take many books, my life, and no one wants anyway to hear such stories (Spiegelman 14).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To understand why individuals neglect genocide, there needs to be an understanding to why genocide occurs in the first place. According to an article written titled Journal of Social Issues it is said that a combination of issues and characteristics create intense violence. Staub states that Individuals and groups learn by doing. They change as a result of their actions. Harmful actions are justified, making more harmful actions possible and likely. Devaluation intensifies, the victims are excluded from the moral realm societal norms and institutions change. There is not just moral disengagement, but moral transformation in the end many perpetrators seeing killing their victims as morally right, a reversal of morality. The evolution is facilitated through just world thinking (the world is just and those who suffer must be deserving of it habituation, and, very importantly, the passivity of bystanders, people who are neither the perpetrators nor the victims. Passivity, and complicity, a limited form of which is people participating in the system created by the perpetrators, is perceived by the perpetrators as acceptance or even approval of their beliefs and actions (Staub). When bystanders allow acts of terror to happen the door that leads to genocide is left wide open. The question still remains on why this horrific problem remains and why as a society we neglect the horrors that are come across. Paul Slovic the president of Decision Research and Professor of Psychology at the University of Oregon has said that genocide is a heinous practice, carried out by human antagonists, that could in principle be stopped if only people cared to stop it (Burke).

Is financial incentive an effective way to increase the organ donation rate - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 916 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Organ Donation Essay Did you like this example? Good health is indispensable and an important asset to everyone. In present-day society, it is nothing but the truth that the possibility of fostering organ donation by financial incentive is receiving increasing consideration. Therefore, whether the financial incentive is an effective way to increase the organ donation rate has long remained disputable discussion in the society. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Is financial incentive an effective way to increase the organ donation rate" essay for you Create order On the one hand, People who are in favor of the suggestion conceive that financial incentive can attract citizens to donate organs and increase the supply of organs. On the other hand, people who object to the notion take the stance that attracting people to donate organs by financial incentive is unethical. Personally, I agree that financial incentive is not an effective way to increase the organ donation way. In this essay, I will examine both sides of the argument and establish my own stance. Tradition is one of the major components In this day and age, a lot of people are devoted to discussing the topic of financial incentive for organ donation. People who objected to the statement expect that financial incentive for organ donation may cause potential traditional dilemmas. After thorough examination, it can be reasonably concluded the policy would do more harm than good. According to a recent survey that conducted by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), it has been discovered that only 31 percent of individuals who are older than 55 years old are in favor of some form of financial incentive. Also, this attitude increase with age. Lets use China as an example. Chinese have a traditional concept that our body should be interred intact and this attitude still remains strong among the elderly. The former vice health minister Huang Jiefu said that China is a Confucian society. Its strongly hierarchical and the familys concerns usually trump those of the individual. Therefore, the Chinese, especially older Ch inese, put emphasis on this traditional culture. Although financial incentive can provide benefits to them, it is more important for them to follow these cultures. Also, the Chinese believe that our body is received from our parents and we must not presume to injure our body. Therefore, this traditional concept has become an inability of family that affect the aspiration of donating organ. These Chinese traditional values are deeply ingrained in our society so it is hard to attract people to donate organ by financial incentive. After serious discussion, it can draw that financial incentive for organ donation is ineffective to increase the organ donation rate. Financial incentive is unethical Besides, there has been much controversy about whether financial incentive for organ donation is ethical or not. People who disagree with such a policy conceive that financial incentive is unethical and violating human rights. Lets quote a specific example. In 1984, a regulation to allow the removal of organs from prisoners is approved by the Chinese government. Until 2006, the former vice health minister Huang Jiefu admitted that more than 95 percent of the supply of organs are from prisoners. The number of executions has estimated that there are about 6000 to 8000 prisoners were executed yearly. However, it cannot determine that how many of them agree to donate their organs by themselves but not compel by the law or financial benefits. Hence, components of financial incentive for organ donation are convinced that the respect of life will reduce and sanctity of human body will decrease. Some may agree to donate organ because of the attraction of financial incentive but the meaning o f organ donation will be lost. If family members can determine whether getting the financial incentive for organ donation for the dead, the human rights of the deceased will be ignored. Also, the reliance on prisoners for organs may ignore the standard safeguards of them. Hence, the financial incentive for organ donation is unethical and it is ineffective to raise the organ donation rate. Whether financial incentive can attract people to donate organ Financial incentive for organ donation has become a talk of town that whether it can increase the organ donation rate effectively. Supporters are of the opinion that people will be attracted by the financial incentive so the supply of organ will increase. In accordance with a recent questionnaire that conducted by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) , it has been shown that more than 50 percent of individuals agree with the policy of financial incentive for organ donation. Surprisingly, 68 percent of those under 35 years old are strongly in favor of such policy. It can discover that some traditional concepts are gradually changing. Young people are more willing to accept financial incentive as they put more attention to the advantages that they can get through financial incentive for organ donation. However, organ donation is not a self-determination. Young people still need to consider the opinion of their family members. Young people should discuss with family members befor e making the decision. If there are family members who are elderly that has strong traditional concepts, the attraction of financial incentive will decrease. Therefore, the organ donation rate will hard to increase and financial incentive will become ineffective. Conclusion The growing influence of low organ donation rate has alarmed the public. It calls urgently requires the concerns of everyone to think of an effective solution to put a halt to this issue. It is our hope to live in affluence but also living healthily. Hence, we should strike a balance between two sides of opinion and work hand in hand to find out the most effective solution to increase the organ donation rate.

Inside the Case of Florida Teacher Debra Lafave

Debra Lafave, a 24-year-old married middle school teacher in the Tampa, Florida area was arrested in June of 2004 and accused of having sex numerous times with one of her 14-year-old students. She was charged with four felony counts of lewd and lascivious battery and one count of lewd and lascivious exhibition. Heres a timeline of developments in the Debra Lefave case. Court Rules in Favor of Lafave Oct. 16, 2014 - The Florida Supreme Court has ruled in favor of former middle school teacher Debra Lafave in her appeal to end her probation early. The court ruled that a circuit judge was within his right to reduce her original sentence. An appellate court had overturned Judge Wayne Timmermans ruling to end Lafaves probation early calling his decision an abuse of judicial power resulting in gross miscarriage of justice. After a year of being off probation, Lafave was again placed under supervision. The Supreme Court did not address the merits of the judges ruling, the panel wrote, Although we recognize the perceived inequality that the Second District sought to remedy, the district court lacked jurisdiction. Although Lafave is no longer on probation, she is still a registered sex offender who must check in with the sheriffs office twice a year or face felony charges. Previous Developments Court Hears Lafave Appeal Sept. 16, 2013 - The Florida Supreme Court has heard oral arguments in the case of a teacher convicted of having sex with a student who now wants her probation to be cut short. Debra Lafave is asking the states highest court to reinstate a 2011 ruling by a judge to end her probation four years early. Judge Reinstates LaFave's Probation Jan. 25, 2013 - Probation has officially been reinstated by a Florida judge for a former Tampa teacher who was convicted of having sex with one of her students. Debra Lafave must now finish the final four years and two months left on her sentence. Debra Lafave Ordered Back on Probation Aug. 15, 2012 - A former Florida middle-school teacher whose affair with a 14-year-old student shocked the nation, not to mention her then-husband, has been ordered back on probation by a state appeals court. Debra Lafave was released early from probation last year by Judge Wayne S. Timmerman over the objections of the prosecution. Debra Lafave Probation Ends Early Sept. 22, 2011 - A former Florida middle school teacher who made national headlines by admitting she had sex with a 14-year-old student has been released from probation four years early. Debra Lafave, who is now a mother of twins, requested that Judge Wayne S. Timmerman terminate her probation early. Debra Lafave to Be Released From House Arrest April 8, 2008 - Over the objections of prosecutors, a Florida judge has ruled that former teacher Debra Lafave, who confessed to having sex with a 14-year-old student, will spend her final three months of house arrest on probation instead. No Jail Time Ordered for Debra Lafave Jan. 10, 2008 - It took a Florida judge 11 seconds to rule that conversations former teacher Debra Lafave had with co-workers at the restaurant where she worked were not a willful nor substantial violation of her probation. Debra Lafave Arrested for Probation 'Violation' Dec. 4, 2007 - On the day her attorney was planning to file a motion asking that her home confinement sentence be reduced, Debra Lafave was arrested at the restaurant where she works for talking with a 17-year-old female co-worker. Debra Lafave Off the Hook Mar. 21, 2006 - Hours after a Marion County judge rejected a plea deal for Debra Lafave, the Florida middle school teacher accused of having sex with one of her 14-year-old students, state prosecutors dropped all charges against her to protect the victim in the case. Judge Reconsiders Debra Lafave Plea Deal Mar. 9, 2006 - Prosecutors joined Debra Lafaves attorneys in asking a Florida judge to reconsider their plea deal that will allow her to avoid jail time for having sex with one of her 14-year-old middle school students. Judge Rejects Debra Lafave's Plea Deal Dec. 9, 2005 - A Florida judge has rejected a plea bargain that would have allowed former teacher Debra Lafave to avoid any jail time for charges that she had sex with one of her 14-year-old students. Florida Child Molester Gets Probation Nov. 22, 2005 - In a blatant example of a double-standard in dealing with child molesters, a Florida judge has sentenced former middle school teacher Debra LeFave to probation for having sex repeatedly with a 14-year-old male student. Debra Lafave Turns Down Plea Deal July 18, 2005 - The middle-school teacher accused of having sex with a 14-year-old student has decided to turn down a plea bargain deal and opt instead of going to trial when she plans to use an insanity defense, according to her attorney. Teacher Who Had Sex With Teen Says She's Insane Dec. 2, 2004 - Debra Lafave, the suspended Florida middle school teacher facing four felony counts of lewd and lascivious behavior for having sex with a 14-year-old student, will plead not guilty by reason of insanity, according to her attorney.

Literature Review Of Assistive Technology - 1277 Words

Assistive technology includes products and related services that improve the functioning of children with disabilities. Many forms of technology, both â€Å"high† and â€Å"low,† can help individuals with learning disabilities capitalize on their strengths and bypass, or compensate for, their disabilities. In conclusion, appropriate assistive technology can be a powerful tool to increase a child’s independence and improve their participation. It can help children become mobile, communicate more effectively, see and hear better, and participate more fully in learning and play activities. Assistive technology allows children to access and enjoy their rights and participate in things they value, and it bridges the disparities between children with and†¦show more content†¦The quality of life of both families and children can be enhanced by assistive technology. Definition Assistive technology is accessible to aid individuals with many kinds of disabilities which also cover cognitive issues to physical impairment. Huang, Cheing, Rumrill, Bengtson, Chan, Telzlaff and Snitker (2016) examined the use of assistive technology that enhances learning in children where they often experience greater success and use their abilities in a good manner. On the other hand, this provides children knowledge to work around on their disabilities challenges. Tshiswaka, Clay, Chiu, Alston and Lewis (2016) stated that assistive technology is explained as any piece of equipment or a device that helps bypass, compensate individual’s specific learning deficits with learning disabilities. On the other hand, Hook, Verbaan, Durrant, Olivier and Wright (2014) demonstrated that assistive technology doesn’t remove learning difficulties but can help student reach their potential. This allows student to capitalize on their strengths and avoid their difficult areas. Gener ally, assistive technology compensates in students skills whereas it also allow student to receive remedial instruction at alleviating deficits such as: the software intended to enhance poor phonic skills. Jensen (2014) examined that students with motor coordination difficulties associated with intellectual disability may also use the keyboard mask together with cardboard or cardboardShow MoreRelatedTeaching Mathematical Problem Solving Math, Technology Education, And Special Education989 Words   |  4 PagesMathematical Problem Solving to Middle School Students in Math, Technology Education, and Special Education Classrooms.RMLE Online: Research in Middle Level Education, 27(1), 1-17. There were two instructional approaches, Enhanced Anchored Instruction (EAI) and text-based instruction (TBI), compared in this study. 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The Issues Of Male Rape And Sexual Assault - 1871 Words

Outline Our Presentation will be focused on the issues of male rape and the implications and explanations of it. We will be primarily focusing on women raping men rather male on male rape. However, we will touch upon both types of male rape due to the large amount of literature on that specific type. The outline of our presentation will follow: How Does The Law Define Male Rape and Sexual Assault Statistics Regarding Male Rape Social Construction of Masculinity Male Rape by Women and Men Difference between those types of rape (Implications/Explanations/The Failure to Report) The problems of reporting Rape: Shame, Humiliation and Embarrassment. Feminism and Male Rape Rape Power Rape can be used as a weapon of war and is a common occurrence in prisons. For the purpose of this presentation, we will be focusing on civil societies, especially as the topic was covered last year. Nonetheless, there will be a short section on how war rape and prison rape can demonstrate rape as power. 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Unit 6 Essay Exam Ap Us History P3 Free Essays

Elsa Castro period3 11-19-2012 Unit 6 Essay Exam Before the start of the industrial revolution women was a gender that was considered insignificant, and powerless. It has always been that way till the years of 1790 and 1860 that things where begining to change drastically. Since that drastic changed we all know as the industrial revolution economically women were finally given the opportunity to work,earn their own money,and help their families; while domestically there was reat amount of admiration from women in the comfort of their own home now instead of just expecting their place to just be there. We will write a custom essay sample on Unit 6 Essay Exam Ap Us History P3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Industrial Revoltuion as we all know was a period of drastic change in technology, manufacturing,and transportation from the start of the nineteenth century onward. Those things had a huge effect on the economic, social, and the cultural conditions. Due to the drastic change women were finally allowed to work. Before the industrial revoltuion if women wanted to work they would have domestic jobs like sewing,or making household materials out of soap. When the period of change was at its end women were now working in factories. This radical change was only the begining of women being able to work. earn their own money, and being able to gain economic independence. Although women were now able to work they would work to a certain extent. Women would have to work 13 hours a day, and get paid very little. Inaddition if your a women that has been single would have to leave their job if the women is getting married; once your married your husband will be the supporter of the house. Even before, during, and after the industrial revolution the women still had to be at home taking care of her husband and her children. Normally in domestic families women normally would have to agree with the husband, and both of them were only limited to doing certain task How to cite Unit 6 Essay Exam Ap Us History P3, Essay examples

Business Environment for Sips & Bites Cafe - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Environment for Sips Bites Cafe. Answer: Setting Smart Goals in Planning The use of SMART goal setting provides a business with a focus and ability to attain the specific set objectives. SMART is an acronym that represents five elements that include specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-based goals as explained by Wick, C. W., Leo?n, L. S. (2013). Specific Goals The Sips Bites Caf is student-oriented business, and its facilities are made for the comfort of the JCU students who will be eating or working there. The business is located within JCU. Therefore, it is well suited to focus on needs of the students other than operating as a regular caf. The caf provides part-time employment opportunities for students through a flexible schedule and an environment that may allow them to work on their academic work. Measurable Goals The caf recently opened, and the management expects the customer numbers to rise by 50% in the next three months. The marketing officer and the management have developed marketing strategies to attract more students to use the caf. The business goals are well suited to have more student customers as it provides services that provide comfort to student life. Attainable Goals The caf is located within college premises. Therefore, the success rates are high as it student oriented and lack competition within the locality. The business is a single branch and is owned by an individual. Therefore, management of general operations is easy and has a flexible decision-making process. Relevant Goals The business layout is student based as the customers are majorly student from JCU. The facilities provide the students with an environment in which they could relax or study in the course of their student life in the college. The business is on point with student needs and tries to keep up with student demands. Time-Bound Goals The business operates 24hours a day because it is located in the area where there is a youthful population. Many students stay up late studying, partying or engaging in other activities. Therefore, the business caters to these individuals. The caf is open during holidays to be used by residents that love within the college premises. Type of Management Skills Required Management skills enable managers to utilize their knowledge and abilities to perform their duties and responsibilities (Smith, 2010). This knowledge and abilities are acquired academically or through experience. Some of these management skills include: Technical Skills These skills include dealing with machines, marketing, and product designs. The managers need to have knowledge of how equipment operates to ensure they understand the state of assets of the business. Managers need to understand the market and be able to develop strategies to attract new customers to purchase goods from the caf. Sales managers need to be skilled on how to communicate with customers and employees (Smith, 2010). First-level managers are expected to be proficient with these skills to ensure that perform their duties as expected. Conceptual Skills This includes the ability of a manager to have abstract thinking in their operations. These skills enable managers to understand the different perspectives that an issue brings to the business. Managers are able to establish goals that can be integrated with the different units and sections within the business and aims to achieve a common goal. Departments within business require an overall objective; therefore, top managers need to think abstractly to bring these departments to work towards the same goals and objectives. These skills are relevant to top managers as they are the overall decision makers. InterpersonalManagerial skills These skills enable a manager to work with other people by communicating in different circumstances. Managers should have an accommodating attitude to ensure that they create an environment in which employees could communicate their ideas, views, and perspectives openly. Managers with these skills have leadership qualities and normally are an inspiration and motivators for employees to do well in their areas of specialization noted by Reider, R. (2008). Interpersonal skills are important for all employees as it enables them to establish work relationship that is the comfort to creating harmony in the workplace. Employees are expected to work with one another which require constant communication among them. Communication is crucial to the success of the business hence the management needs to create forums in which employees could interact freely. The ability of employees to interact freely enables employees to share workplace challenges more, and problem-solving can be done collectively as explained by Tucker, S. A. (2009). Business Structure and Strategy The business structure is the formal layout of the hierarchy while the structure comprises of the practical plan that comprises of the strategies of how to achieve set goals and the objectives. These two elements are crucial to the success of the company, and they gradually develop and become distinct as the business grows. These elements complement each other and sometimes could be merged and applied as one unit. The Sips Bites Caf structure comprise of 20 employees with one owner managers, two Cashiers, one Marketing Manager, six Cleaners and eight Coffee Artists. Many of these employees especially at lower positions are students; therefore, the management realizes the need to motivate the employees to achieve the business goals set. The business is a small enterprise its operations serve a small customer base which requires plan and strategies to ensure that all employees perform their duties as expected. The business structure is small hence formulation and implementation of strategies take less time as noted by Wick, C. W., Leo?n, L. S. (2013).. Decision making within the enterprise incorporates opinions and ideas from all the employees as most are students who are knowledgeable about the needs and preferences of the fellow students. A business strategy is determined by the existing structure within the business. The business has large student employees as it is located within a college. The student population provides the business with cheap and available labor and also the market for its products. Some of the job opportunities do not require skills which limit expenses that are spent on skilled personnel. Many of the student employees work part time which enables the business to employ many students. The highly skilled and trained workforce such as the marketing manager is important in increasing innovative ideas. The enterprise should have a well-established structure for the implementation strategy. Strategies are implemented when changes within the environment in which they operate. The structure determines strategies to be implemented within the enterprise, and the success rates depend on the skills available to implement the strategies formulated. Types of Controls Controls are applied within a business to avoid reckless behavior that may negatively impact its operation. Some of the reckless behaviors that can be prevented by the implementation of these controls include careless and uninformed decisions and behaviors. These controls ensure that resources are channeled to areas that matter and risks are identified and mitigated. These controls include: Visual Controls They include physical assets that the enterprise requires to monitor the activities and they comprise of dashboards, checklists, and budgets. They asses activities and show the direction in which a business is headed towards (Reider, 2008). These controls provide the general analysis of the enterprise as activities are monitored closely by the management or the employees. Procedural Controls These controls involve different parties that monitor a single activity such as cash flow. These controls are used in determining qualities required for a job category. The analysis given by different parties on a single subject broadens discussion and perspectives. These controls provide checks and balances within the business. Embedded Controls These are controls that the business operates in without the specific elements that show their application within the organization. These controls include already established facilities that are used in different businesses such as financial controls and automated data backups (Reider, R. 2008). These controls reduce human errors and technology failures by providing interfaces for calculating, storing and retrieve information. These controls have become more complex due to technological advancement which requires then a skilled workforce for them to operate these facilities. These controls provide the management with a grasp of the business performance. Managers and team leaders have to establish methods in which these controls applied to the business could be used to improve the performance of the business. The caf operates in an environment in which students are the major customers and source of labor. Therefore, controls applied should suit the skills available. References Admiraal, P. H., A?cs, Z. J., Carlsson, B., Thurik, A. R. (2016). Small business in the modern economy. Oxford, OX, UK: Blackwell Publishers. Conseil International de la petite entreprise-Canada. (2015). Journal of small business entrepreneurship. Toronto: International Council for Small Business-Canada. Megginson, L. C., Scott, C. R., Megginson, W. L. (2011). Successful small business management. Homewood Ill: Irwin. Megginson, L. C., Scott, C. R., Megginson, W. L. (2011). Successful small business management. Homewood Ill: Irwin. Reider, R. (2008). Effective operations and controls for the small privately held business. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley Sons. Smart Business Akron. (n.d.). Smart Business Network. Smith, J. G. (2010). Business strategy. Cambridge (Mass.: Basil Blackwell. Tucker, S. A. (2009). Handbook of business formulas and controls. New York: McGraw-Hill. Wick, C. W., Leo?n, L. S. (2013). The learning edge: How smart managers and smart companies stay ahead. New York: McGraw-Hill. Ziff Davis smart business. (2011). San Francisco, CA: Ziff-Davis.

So Deeply To Be Reverenced, So Fair, Essay Example For Students

So Deeply To Be Reverenced, So Fair, Essay My lady is when her smile bestows, All sound of speaking falters to a close And eyes which would behold her do not dareOf praises sung of her she is aware,Yet clad in sweet humility she goesA miracle in which the world may share. Dante AlighieriSonet XXVI Lavita NuevaAt age nine, Dante was graced by the beauty of Beatrice Portinari, and for the rest of his life, many of his writings portrayed his intense love for merely the thought of her which seemed to haunt him. Although his relationship with her was only from afar, within his mind, Beatrice captivated him as he believed she was a miracle sent from heaven. Women have been portrayed in every way throughout time. More often, women have portrayed as a model of Eve, the misguided seductress of Adam in the Bible. The lure of a woman is ambiguous, a mystery of the sensual persona that has captivated many medieval writers. Dante does not portray women as the weakness of all man, instead in his Comedia, Beatrice is the divine beauty and guide of his journey into heaven. Undoubtedly, Beatrice captivated Dante enough for him to dedicate his Comedia to, and through his vivid imagination, he recreates her as a heavenly spirit who protects his ultimate fate as she is the most influencial character. Dante wrote La Comedia in the age of religious devotion and fear of sin, which signifies La Comedia as an ultimate portrayal of medieval thought. A sure anxiety of the afterlife was cultivated by the rise of Christianity. What is the ultimate sin? How does one repent sin? What is the journey of the afterlife? Endless questions surely haunted the medieval mind, and Dante was surely fascinated by the possibilities. Within his curiosities was beatrice, who enchanted Dante and possibly encouraged his medieval mind, and Dante was surely fascinated by the possibilities. Within his curiosities was Beatrice, who enchanted Dante and possibly encouraged his writing of La Comedia after her death. My Soul- Such years had passed since last it sawthat lady and stood trembling in her presence,stupefied by the power of holy awe-now, by some power that shone from her abovethe reach and witness of my mortal eyes,felt the full mastery of enduring love. Dante AlighieriLa ComediaCanto XXX PurgatorioThis is Dantes first sight of Beatrice in La Comedia. He has not seen her in ten years since her death, but at this first sight, he immediately feels his deep love for her. He dresses her in the colors of hope, faith and caritas, three divine qualities that he saw in her earthly presence and also here, on his way to Paradiso. Beatrice as a woman was Dantes inspiration, and even after her death, he portrays her as his most divine persona of perfection. In the medieval Christian mind, all divine beings (such as Beatrice) could read into the true soul of a mortal man. It is difficult to analyze Dantes motivation to write La Comedia, but his portrayal of Beatrice may have been a personal prayer to her. If Dante revealed his enchantment of her soul, his belief that she was a miracle sent from God, and his absolute love that consumed his every thought, possibly she would allow him into her heart when he died and made his own journey into heaven. Oh lady in whom my hope shall ever soarand who my salvation suffered evento set your feet upon Hells broken floorThrough your power and your excellence alonehave I recognized the goodness and the graceinherent in the things I have been shown. .u88bef1880362dcff8d3763655412e945 , .u88bef1880362dcff8d3763655412e945 .postImageUrl , .u88bef1880362dcff8d3763655412e945 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u88bef1880362dcff8d3763655412e945 , .u88bef1880362dcff8d3763655412e945:hover , .u88bef1880362dcff8d3763655412e945:visited , .u88bef1880362dcff8d3763655412e945:active { border:0!important; } .u88bef1880362dcff8d3763655412e945 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u88bef1880362dcff8d3763655412e945 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u88bef1880362dcff8d3763655412e945:active , .u88bef1880362dcff8d3763655412e945:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u88bef1880362dcff8d3763655412e945 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u88bef1880362dcff8d3763655412e945 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u88bef1880362dcff8d3763655412e945 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u88bef1880362dcff8d3763655412e945 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u88bef1880362dcff8d3763655412e945:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u88bef1880362dcff8d3763655412e945 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u88bef1880362dcff8d3763655412e945 .u88bef1880362dcff8d3763655412e945-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u88bef1880362dcff8d3763655412e945:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Neandertals EssayDante AligheriLa ComediaCanto XXXI ParadisoThroughout his life, Dantes most profound writings have been inspired by his utmost love for Beatrice. Dante graciously thanks Beatrice for his understanding of the divine virtues in his Comedia. Throughout his life, Dante had been inspired by the mere presence of her beauty and grace on earth, and as he portrayed her angelic persona in La Comedia. La Vita Nueva was a poetry book devoted solely to her, as La Comedia was his ultimate vision and appreciation of her spirit within him. Nicole Felice Olson

Samples Essays About Parents Writing About a Child

Samples Essays About Parents Writing About a ChildSample essays about parents writing about a child can be found on the Internet and in bookstores. There are several excellent essays for parents. Here are a few samples to give you an idea.'Parenting a Child' is a sample essay. This particular essay presents a perspective on parenting that most parents who have two children in their home would understand. Here the writer poses a question. 'What do you want your child to learn from being a parent?' The writer explains that the child is aware of his or her capacity to feel and to act, but what he or she does not realize is that the child knows it too.'The Parent' is another sample essay. This one is written by a mother who wanted to make sure her daughter knew how much she loved her and felt needed her. The daughter had told her mother that she didn't really love her mother was concerned that this was not the right way to take care of the situation. So she decided to write an essay abou t why she feels needed and appreciated by her mother.Another sample essay is called 'Letters from a Friend'. This is the story of a parent who has lost a daughter to cancer. In this story, the daughter writes letters to her mother and shows her kindness. The writer says that the daughter's experience is very important to her and that she will help others like her daughter.'My Grief' is a short essay that answers the question of whether death and loss are a part of the natural order of things. Here a girl explains how her mother has died in a car accident and she has lost all of her childhood friends. She also explains that she now understands the different ways of dying as well as the benefits of them. In this essay, she talks about how you should deal with death and grief.'Making a Place For Ourselves' is the last of the samples in this category and is a longer essay. This one is about a father who wants to create a spiritual relationship between him and his son. The Father talks a bout the sadness he feels when he can't make a decision about religion. The writer offers advice to the father about creating a faith-based friendship and religious beliefs. He also offers tips for how to relate to his son in terms of faith.If you are considering writing an essay about parents writing about a child, then this is one sample essay that you may want to read. And if you are considering writing such an essay, then you know there are many sources to get ideas from.

Bush essays

Bush essays For months now, the Bush Administration has been preparing the nation, and the world, for an inevitable confrontation with Iraq. This is a war a long time in the making. This war comes with many problems and many prespectives. The major conflict which is most likely to push The United States to war, is Iraq's lack of coaporation to satisfy United Nations demands over weapons inspections. Nobody ever thought that The United States could be attacked . After September 11th we knew that things could never be the same. Since then Iraq has become a clear and present threat to our saftey. Iraq refusing to coaporate with us makes it more likely that we will go to war with them. As long as The United States feels that Iraq is a possible threat to the nations saftey then war is a possibility. The threat of our saftey was possible long before Setember 11th. Saddam Husen leader of Iraq has always been uncoaprotive with mass distruction weapons. He had used weapons of mass destruction in the past. As far as we know he had never stopped in trying to develope them. We are just trying to help I raq. A Democratic Democracy would help liberize the Arab world. The people of Iraq are treated horrible. The Iraq goverment is a threat not only to the United States but to the whole world. Although many of the allies have not stepped up to help us. Iraq is not only attacking The United States he is attacking our belifes. Which many other contries share with us. Nobody wants to live in a world ran like Iraq. The war is in effort to stop Iraq before they are able to attack us unexpectedly. Why dont they want to hand over their weapons? The question is though are we going to war with Iraq or terrorrisom? Who and what are we scared of? If it is terrorism that we are trying to prevent and control then war is wrong. Al Queda will be at war with the U.S. no matter what we do in Iraq. Containment has worked for over 10 years and inspection might still be help...

Root Square Mean Velocity Example Problem

Root Square Mean Velocity Example Problem Gases are made up of individual atoms or molecules freely moving in random directions with a wide variety of speeds. Kinetic molecular theory tries to explain the properties of gases by investigating the behavior of individual atoms or molecules making up the gas. This example problem shows how to find the average or root mean square velocity (rms) of particles in a gas sample for a given temperature. Root Mean Square Problem What is the root mean square velocity of the molecules in a sample of oxygen gas at 0  °C and 100  °C?Solution:Root mean square velocity is the average velocity of the molecules that make up a gas. This value can be found using the formula:vrms [3RT/M]1/2wherevrms average velocity or root mean square velocityR ideal gas constantT absolute temperatureM molar massThe first step is to convert the temperatures to absolute temperatures. In other words, convert to the Kelvin temperature scale:K 273  °CT1 273 0  °C 273 KT2 273 100  °C 373 KThe second step is to find the molecular mass of the gas molecules.Use the gas constant 8.3145 J/mol ·K to get the units we need. Remember 1 J 1 kg ·m2/s2. Substitute these units into the gas constant:R 8.3145 kg ·m2/s2/K ·molOxygen gas is made up of two oxygen atoms bonded together. The molecular mass of a single oxygen atom is 16 g/mol. The molecular mass of O2 is 32 g/mol.The units on R use kg, so the molar mass must al so use kg.32 g/mol x 1 kg/1000 g 0.032 kg/molUse these values to find the vrms. 0  °C:vrms [3RT/M]1/2vrms [3(8.3145 kg ·m2/s2/K ·mol)(273 K)/(0.032 kg/mol)]1/2vrms [212799 m2/s2]1/2vrms 461.3 m/s100  °Cvrms [3RT/M]1/2vrms [3(8.3145 kg ·m2/s2/K ·mol)(373 K)/(0.032 kg/mol)]1/2vrms [290748 m2/s2]1/2vrms 539.2 m/sAnswer:The average or root mean square velocity of the oxygen gas molecules at 0  °C is 461.3 m/s and 539.2 m/s at 100  °C.

Money, Freedom, desire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Money, Freedom, desire - Essay Example The core of the modern world in regard to all of these aspects of life is money. Money provides the means through which humans socialize, fuel their physical needs, and exist within a framework conducive for learning. While freedom is a concept that human beings like to throw around through frameworks that suggest independence, the truth is that freedom does not exist as dependency on a variety of concepts must be initialized and maintained in order to survive. Georg Simmel, in his work The Philosophy of Money, discusses the concepts of freedom as it relates to interdependency in the modern context. The need for money becomes a central dependency from which all other dependencies are built. His discussion includes the contrast of modern man to primitive man, the focus being on the types of dependencies that primitive man in comparison to modern man. Primitive cultures had limited numbers of people through which they created their existence. A tribe may have 30 or 40 people, or maybe even more, but the number of people required to survive was a limited grouping. In this modern age, man requires the people who support the business for which they work, the patrons of that business, the grocery store system, the fuel system for vehicles, and so many large groups of people through whom needs are fulfilled that solitary freedom is near impossible to achieve. If these services were to break down, modern man would be at a loss to find a way to perpetuate his existence. The social lubricant that allows all of these systems to operate is money. Money is the currency that creates value exchange within these systems. The economic system is designed so that in exchange for work, rather than goods and services, money is given so that it can be exchanged for goods and services. It is the intermediary through which interactions and dependencies are created. The novel Madame Bovary: A Study of Provincial Life, Gustave Flaubert examines the many ‘needs’ that live wi thin human existence. The first interdependency is shown through the social climbing that is done by Charles Bovary through his marriage to his first wife, then through his second wife Emma who turns towards desire and drama when her emotional needs are not fulfilled through a conventional life. Emma has fulfilled her basic needs and comforts, her needs for food and shelter beyond her worries. She is restless and feels that she is confined by the structures that have provided these basic needs. Her thoughts of freedom turn outside of her marriage, leading her to seek adventures of desire in order to feel that need to be free. She thinks â€Å"They ran back again to embrace once more, and then she promised him to find soon, by no matter what means, a regular opportunity for seeing each other in freedom at least once a week† (Flaubert and Ranous 270). In her conventional life, she was bound by its responsibilities and lack of emotional engagement, but through her indiscretions, she found moments of freedom. Through her desire to accumulate, to accumulate lovers, possessions, and luxuries, she fulfilled her need for freedom by creating surrogates for the emptiness that her normative life presented her. Mariama Ba discusses a similar theme in her work on marriage in Western Africa and the implications of a misogynist society

Why SOX and PCAOB came into existence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why SOX and PCAOB came into existence - Essay Example Apart from this, it needs that management evaluates the efficiency of internal control over financial reporting. Additionally, it requires independent auditor attest to, and report on management assessment of the internal controls. According to Northrup (2009), there are several implications of SOX on the accounting profession. One of the implications is that auditors of public companies are required to issue three opinions; an opinion on management’s assessment of internal controls over financial reporting, a view on whether the financial statements are presented fairly and their own appraisal about the efficiency of internal controls over financial reporting. The main intension of SOX is to protect investors by improving reliability and accuracy of corporate disclosure that are made pursuant to the security rules, and for other reasons. Objective of PCAOB is to oversee the auditors of governmental organizations and companies so as to protect the interest of the preparation of informative, independent and fair audit reports. Moeller (2008) asserts that the rules inflicted on the accounting occupation by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) require sovereign auditor to evaluate the efficiency of the internal controls over financial reporting by the use of a method of recognition. It releases Audit Standard No. 2 which describes internal controls over financial reporting, and management responsibilities which are being set out. This audit standard emphasize on the importance of the Environment control and Anti-Fraud Programs and Controls in assessing internal control over financial reporting. The PCAOB develop some issues which are related to the registration and reporting of public accounting firms, inspections, professional standards, investigations and adjudications. SOX and PCAOB have recognized the significance of the assessment of the Control Environment and Anti-Fraud Programs and control to the

Itgc review of the foods fantastic company

Itgc review of the foods fantastic company Several months ago, you started working at a large public accounting firm as an IT staff auditor. You are currently working on your first assignment, an ITGC review of the Foods Fantastic Company (FFC). FFC is a publicly traded, regional grocery store chain, headquartered in Mason, Maryland, and includes 50 stores located in the mid-Atlantic area. The centralized data center is in Mason. FFC relies on an integrated suite of application programs that include state-of-the-art software to manage merchandise replenishment, store- level sales forecasting, and point-of-sale data. For example, FFC relies on bar code scanners and credit/debit card readers. To maintain its competitive edge in its market area, FFC recently implemented a fingerprint bio-coding payment system in all of its stores. This new systems implementation required that FFC change several of its general-ledger application programs; in particular, those related to its cash receipts processing. FFC does not use any outside s ervice organizations to provide its IT services. Sophie Ewing, the audit senior who heads up your team, decided that because of FFCs complex and sophisticated IT processing, an IT General Control (ITGC) review is man- datory to meet SAS 109s risk assessment procedures and SOX Section 404 Management Assessment of Internal Controls requirements. You know that an ITGC review is very important because ITGCs provide the foundation for reliance on any financial information FCCs systems produce. Your evaluation will affect the financial auditor in assessing the risk of material misstatement in FFCs financials, and consequently, the audit plan. At your first team meeting, Sophie announced that your firms network security specialists would review the technical issues related to FFCs internal controls. They will evaluate FFCs operating systems, its telecommunications software, and its network configuration and firewalls. In preparation for the meeting, Sophie encouraged you to review the key provisions included in SAS 109, SOX Section 404, applicable sections of PCAOB Auditing Standard No. 5, and your firms internal guidance, which groups ITGCs into the following five areas: IT management, systems development, data security, change management, and business continuity planning (BCP). IT managements key concepts include ITs position within the organization, whether IT goals are aligned with the organizations strategic goals, the use of an IT steering com- mittee, and whether the IT departments structure promotes proper segregation of duties to protect the organizations assets. Your primary concerns are: Does FFC have an IT strategic plan? To whom does the Chief Information Officer (CIO) report? What key responsibility areas report to the CIO? Does FFC have an IT steering committee? Is so, who are the members? Issues in Accounting Education, February 2009 Assessing Information Technology General Control Risk: An Instructional Case 65 Systems Development The key concepts within systems development include the existence of a new systems implementation methodology, project management, pre- and post-implementation reviews, quality control, adequate testing, and demonstrated compliance with the selected imple- mentation methodology. Based on this understanding, your teams primary concerns are: Does FFC design, develop, and implement systems in a logical fashion? Does the organization consider internal controls as an integral part of systems design or does it retrofit them after implementation? To what extent is FFCs Internal Audit department involved in systems development activities? Is it part of the project review team? Is it a voting member of the team? In particular, how well did FFC manage the development and implementation of its new fingerprint bio-coding payment system? Data Security The critical concepts within data security include adherence to an established infor- mation security policy, access approval on a need-to-know basis, periodic rotation or change of access controls, monitoring, exception reporting, and incident response. Data security has both physical and logical aspects. On the physical side, data security includes physical access and environmental controls over the data center computer room. On the logical side, data security includes policies related to password configuration, change, and history re- strictions. Logical security also includes prompt review, modification, or removal of access due to personnel transfers, promotions, and terminations. Your teams primary concerns are: How well does FFC control physical access to its data center computer room? Is FFCs computer room adequately protected against environmental dangers, such as fire? Does FFC control logical access to its information systems? In particular, how does it control the logical access of terminated or transferred employees? Does FFC have a current IT security policy? Does FFC produce access violation reports? Do FFC IT personnel adhere to IT policy and follow IT procedures? For example, do appropriate personnel review any access violation reports and take the prescribed action? Change Management Change Managements key concepts include documented change procedures, user au- thorization and approval, separation of duties in implementing changes, management re- view, quality control, and adequate testing. Your audit teams primary concerns are: Does FFC have (and follow) formal change management procedures? In particular, did FFC follow these procedures when making any necessary changes to its current application programs because of the new bio-coding payment system? For example: Were the changes approved? Did the programmers adequately test the changes before putting them into production? Did the application programmer(s) that made the code changes, test the changes, and/or put them into production? Business Continuity Planning Key concepts of BCP are managements expectations regarding a timely recovery of processing capabilities, the existence of a written plan, the currency of the plan, offsite Issues in Accounting Education, February 2009 66 Norman, Payne, and Vendrzyk storage of both the plan and data files, and testing of the plan. Your audit teams main concerns are: Does FFC have a written BCP plan? Is it current? When is the last time FFC tested its plan? Does FFC back up its software and data? How often? Where do they store the backups? Did FFC need to recover its systems using its backups during the past fiscal year? Information Collected During the ITGC Review Under Sophie Ewings direction, you and other members of the audit team worked very diligently reviewing FFCs policies and procedures, interviewing FFC client personnel, and observing FFCs various operations and procedures related to its ITGCs. First, your team created an organization chart to document the FFCs management structure (see Ex- hibit 1). Exhibit 2 reflects the information your team collected from interviews, observations, and reviews of corroborating documentation related to FFCs ITGCs. EXHIBIT 1 Foods Fantastic Company Organization Chart Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (CFO) Senior Vice President and Controller Senior Vice President, Internal Audit Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer (CIO) Senior Vice President and Treasurer Vice President, Applications Vice President, Operations Vice President, Information Security Vice President, Database Administration (Currently V acant) Issues in Accounting Education, February 2009 Assessing Information Technology General Control Risk: An Instructional Case 67 EXHIBIT 2 Foods Fantastic Company IT General Control (ITGC) Review Notes Notes from meetings with the Chief Financial Officer (CFO): Foods Fantastic Company (FFC) implemented a new bio-coding payment system in all of its stores this past fiscal year. FFCs IT Executive Steering Committee develops IT policies and reviews the overall operations of the IT department. The voting members of the committee are: 1. the Senior Vice President (SrVP) and Chief Information Officer (CIO) 2. the VP, Applications 3. the VP, Data Base Administration (DBA) 4. the VP, Operations 5. the VP, Information Security (IS) 6. the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (CFO) 7. the SrVP, Internal Audit The IT Executive Steering Committee revised FFCs security policy in 2005. The policy addresses all organizational security issues including IT. FFC has no documented business continuity or disaster recovery plan. Management believes such a plan is cost-prohibitive for an organization of its size and FFC has never experienced any major business disruption. In case of disaster, the data center manager would retrieve the most recent backup tapes that are stored offsite. FFC would use these files to recover its systems. Notes from meetings with the SrVP, Internal Audit: FFCs Internal Audit Department is involved as a voting member of the project teams responsible for design, development, and implementation of new projects. Internal audit performs post- implementation reviews on all projects over $2 million. The new bio-coding payment system was 25 percent over its initial time budget and 40 percent over its initial dollar budget. Notes from meetings with the CIO: The VP, Applications is currently responsible for the DBA function. However, the CIO reviews the logs that show the actions of the Application VPs user ID. FFC has an IT strategic plan, which is consistent with its corporate strategic plan. The IT strategic plan outlines the objectives and strategies that the information systems group will implement to assist FFC in meeting its overall business objectives. FFC adopted Structured Systems Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM), an industry- recognized standard for systems development and project management. All projects (buy or build) follow the applicable SSADM phases. The CIO periodically reviews each projects required budget-to-actual reconciliation. FFCs security policy states that the VP, IS is to conduct a user audit on a quarterly basis. The appropriate department manager reviews electronically submitted reports that list each users profile, note changes on the reports, and return the reports to the VP, IS. The VP then makes the appropriate modifications based on the returned reports. The VP maintains the reports, and initials and dates the report after completing all modifications. Notes from meetings with the VP, Human Resources: FFC is currently interviewing individuals to assume the DBAs responsibilities and hopes to hire someone within the next six to eight months. Aside from the security policy, management does not provide any formalized security awareness programs related to data security. Each month, the Human Resources department forwards a Transfers and Terminations report to the VP, IS. (continued on next page) Issues in Accounting Education, February 2009 68 Norman, Payne, and Vendrzyk EXHIBIT 2 (continued) Notes from meetings with the VP, Applications: The VP, Applications assigns a project manager and develops an initial time and dollar budget for each new development project. IT personnel adequately tested the new bio-coding payment system prior to its implementation. This testing included integration testing, stress testing, and user acceptance testing. User depart- ments corroborated their testing and acceptance of the new system. Application programmers do not have access to the computer room unless escorted by data center personnel (e.g., an operator). FFC instituted formal procedures for change management. The VP, Applications is responsible for change management and maintains all documentation in a fireproof vault in his office. A Change Request form initiates all application software changes, including required software up- grades. A user completes the form, which the users department manager approves. The user forwards the request form to the VP, Applications, who logs each request in a Change Request Log. The VP performs an initial analysis and feasibility study and estimates the required devel- opment hours. The Change Request log is a listing of all requested changes and the status of the change request. The VP, Applications uses this log to track open items and follow up on changes not completed within the original time estimate. The VP, Applications assigns the change request to an applications programmer and issues the current systems documention to the programmer. The applications programmer copies the source code from the systems production region to its development region and makes the change. The pro- grammer works in the systems development region using test data. The programmer tests the change first within the affected module and then within the entire application. Changes are never tested against production data. The programmer updates the necessary systems documentation. The applications programmer migrates the code to the systems test region. A second programmer performs systems integration testing, volume testing, and user acceptance testing, again using test files. The second programmer then performs a quality review of the change, including a source- compare analysis, and reviews the updated systems documentation. Upon completion of testing, the user who requested the change and the appropriate department manager review the test results and accept the change by signing the original request form. The VP, Applications reviews the user-approved request form on which the department manager has indicated that s/he is satisfied that the program is ready for implementation. The VP, Applications also reviews the documentation prior to implementing any new or changed program to ensure that the documentation is adequate. The VP, Applications approves the change, initials the change request form, and transfers the change to the VP, Operations, who officially accepts the change. The VP, Applications then updates the Change Request log and returns the revised systems documentation to the fireproof vault. Notes from meetings with the VP, Operations: FFCs computer room, within its data center, is locked at all times. All outside contractors or visitors must first contact the data center manager for entry into the computer room. Each must bring an official picture ID, sign a visitors log, and be escorted at all times by data center personnel during the visit. In 2002, FFC installed video cameras on all doors entering the computer room to record activity 24/7. Building management staff, who report to the facilities manager, are responsible for main- taining these tapes. The VP, Operations has not needed to review these tapes for at least six months since no unathorized access attempts have been reported. Environmental controls are in place in the computer room (i.e., temperature controls, uninter- rupted power supply, a backup generator, fire-extinguishing equipment, and raised floor). Appro- priate maintenance staff test these controls semi-annually. FFC backs up all of its data each day. It stores its most recent daily backup once a week at a company-owned offsite location, along with the most recent version of its software. FFC did not test backup tapes during the past year and has no plan to test these tapes in the future. The VP, Operations assigns IT operations personnel the task of placing new or changed appli- cations programs into production after the VP, Applications has approved the work. (continued on next page) Issues in Accounting Education, February 2009 Assessing Information Technology General Control Risk: An Instructional Case 69 EXHIBIT 2 (continued) Notes from meetings with the VP, Information Security: The VP, IS grants keycard access to the computer room. The VP, IS receives a keycard access report for the computer room on a monthly basis. The VP, IS determines if an unauthorized access attempt into the computer room has occurred. Passwords are not displayed on terminals or reports. Password standards are enforced by security software. FFC requires a minimum password length of six alphanumeric or special characters and a maximum length of nine alphanumeric or special characters. The software prevents the same character from being used more than once in a password and prevents numbers from being used next to each other in a password. The security software forces users to change their pass- words twice each year. The security software maintains a history of two previous passwords and does not permit employees to reuse their two most recent passwords. The security software does not display statistics regarding employees sign-on information. For example, there is no infor- mation regarding a users sign-on attempts (such as date and time of last sign-on), number of invalid sign-on attempts since last successful sign-on, or number of days prior to password expiration. The system allows three access attempts. If the third attempt is unsuccessful, the user ID is automatically disabled. The user must contact the VP, IS to reset the user ID. The system gen- erates a logical access violation report on a daily basis. User access is limited to workstations within the corresponding responsibility area. For example, users with access to the Accounts Payable module can only log in from workstations located in the Accounts Payable area. A workstation can stand idle for up to 60 minutes before the user is logged off. The VP, IS is responsible for maintaining user profiles and authorization lists. The VP grants access to the system to new hires. The appropriate department manager completes a computerized form that specifies the proper level of access. The VP reviews the request form for proper approvals and then either approves or denies the request. If approved, the VP issues the necessary ID and initial password with the requested access via encrypted email. Normal users may have multiple IDs. Each user ID can log on to one sign-on session at a time. The VP, IS, who has unlimited access, can log in from any workstation and have multiple sign- on sessions. The VP, IS is responsible for modifying and/or disabling user IDs for personnel whose job duties change because of promotions, transfers, and/or terminations based on the Transfers and Ter- minations report. The VP, IS maintains the report, and initials and dates the report when the VP, IS has made all of the modifications. Notes from meeting with the facilities manager, who reports to the VP, Human Resources: According to the facilities manager, no one asked to view the computer room video tapes during the past six months. Observations of the audit team: Documentation of the systems development process for the new bio-coding payment system confirms that the VP, Applications complied with SSADM requirements when implementing this new system. The data center is on the first floor of FFCs building. The data center manager reports to the VP, Operations. Company policy requires the VP, IS to review the keycard access report at least once per quarter. During the past six months, the VP has not reviewed the report for any unauthorized access attempts. The team observed no instances in which application programmers were in the computer room without a proper escort. The team observed no instances in which visitors or outside contractors were in the computer room without a proper escort. (continued on next page) Issues in Accounting Education, February 2009 70 Norman, Payne, and Vendrzyk EXHIBIT 2 (continued) Documentation of the computer room environment controls test results for the last 18 months shows no irregularities. These files are in the CIOs office. If someone attempts to enter the computer room without authorization, company policy requires that the VP, Operations review the video tapes from the computer room cameras within 24 hours. The FFC security policy requires each employee to sign an acknowledgment that s/he read the current policy. A review of the personnel files of a sample of employees found no exceptions. A review of the selected user profiles and passwords revealed the following: User Vice President, Applications Vice President, Information Systems Password 7LiAcOf# QSECOFR1 Note: The acronym QSECOFR looks familiar. Remember to review A Beginners Guide to Auditing the AS/400 Operating System (Bines 2002). During the past six months, the dates of the modifications were about three weeks after the VP, IS received the HRs Transfers and Terminations report. The VP, IS performed the most recent user audit eight months ago. Company policy requires the VP, IS to review the unauthorized system access report on a monthly basis to check for unusual activity (e.g., multiple violations, changes to the authorization lists, etc.). During the past six months, the VP, IS has not reviewed the report for any unauthorized access attempts. The audit team verified that FFC followed its approved change management procedures when making the bio-code payment-related changes to its cash receipts processing and other financial reporting application programs. In the past fiscal year, no incidents occurred that required FFC to recover its systems using its backup tapes. Case Requirements Sophie Ewing assigned your team the following tasks: 1. For each ITGC area, identify the control issues and classify them as strengths or weak- nesses, using Exhibit 3 to document your work. Exhibit 3 will be part of the audit teams work papers. 2. Determine the level of risk (High, Medium, or Low) that you believe is present in each particular ITGC area. 3. Assess the overall risk of the organizations ITGCs, taking into consideration the five separate risk assessments that you just made (task #2 above), and their relative impor- tance to internal controls over FFCs financial reporting. 4. Prepare a report that documents and appropriately supports your overall IT risk as- sessment (task #3), using the guidance Sophie provided in Exhibit 4. You must include a statement explicitly stating your overall risk assessment in the reports concluding section and attach your completed ITGCs matrix. Issues in Accounting Education, February 2009 Assessing Information Technology General Control Risk: An Instructional Case 71 EXHIBIT 3 Foods Fantastic Company IT General Controls Matrix Part A: Strengths and Weaknesses ITGC Area Summary of Issue Strength or Weakness IT Management FFC has an IT strategic plan Strength Part B: Risk Assessment for each ITGC area (Indicate Low, Medium or High) ITGC Area IT Management Systems Development Data Security Change Management Business Continuity Planning Risk Assessment Issues in Accounting Education, February 2009 72 Norman, Payne, and Vendrzyk EXHIBIT 4 Report Guidance IT General Controls Risk Assessment Report Foods Fantastic Company Students Name Date Background: Write a short description of Foods Fantastic Company (FFC) and why the ITGC review is necessary (2-3 sentences). Purpose: Briefly describe the purpose of an ITGC review and why it is important (2-3 sentences). Scope: Provide a short description of the work your team performed at Foods Fantastic to develop your risk assessment (3-4 sentences). Findings: Elaborate on the key finding(s) that influenced your overall risk assessment. Discuss the key control strengths and weaknesses you identified within each of the five ITGC areas and its corresponding risk assessment. Provide enough detail to support your assessment. Include specific examples from the information your team collected (interviews, observations, and reviews of corrob- orating documentation). Your arguments need to be consistent with your risk assessment for the five different areas, as well as your overall risk assessment (4-5 paragraphs). Conclusion: Provide a statement of your overall risk assessment. For example, I set FFCs assessed level of ITGC risk as (Low, Medium, or High) because of . Summarize the primary reasons that contributed to your assessment. Keep in mind the relative im- portance of each of the five ITGC areas in controlling FFCs financial reporting (3-4 sentences).