Why is Cost Accounting So Important to the Success of the Firm Research Paper

Why is Cost Accounting So Important to the Success of the Firm - Research Paper Example Cost accounting is very important because it provides relevant information that can be used by the managerial staff to make decisions. The information provided by cost accounting is mainly used internally by corporations. The purpose of this paper is to describe the importance of cost accounting for a firm. Cost accounting provides relevant information that can be used by both managers and financial accountants. It can be used to measure and report financial and non-financial information that relates to the cost of acquiring or consuming resources by an organization (Horngren & Foster & Datar, 2000). Accountants can be flexible in their applications of cost accounting due to the fact that cost accounting does not have to comply with the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Accountants also use cost accounting to describe the future activities of an organization. The information compiled by cost accounting can be useful both in the short and long term. The planning functio n of an organization benefits a lot from cost accounting. Another important benefit of cost accounting is that it allows companies to compute the cost of a product. There are different techniques and methods in cost accounting that are used by companies to make better decisions. Cost accounting can help a company establish the correct pricing for its products. A technique that can be used to set the price of a product is mark-up pricing. Mark-up pricing sets a price taking into consideration the cost of a product. For instance if the company determines that mark-up price is 50% and the cost of a product is $100, then the price of the product is $150. Another method in cost accounting that can be very valuable to make operating decisions is cost-volume-profit relationships (CVP). CVP analysis is one of the most powerful tools managers have at their command (Garrison & Noreen, 2003). The use of CVP analysis helps managers understand the relationship between cost, volume and profit. On e of the most popular and useful CVP applications is breakeven analysis. The breakeven analysis is an analysis to determine the point at which revenues received equals the costs associated with receiving the revenue (Investopedia, 2011). The net profit of a company at the breakeven point is exactly cero. The formula to calculate break even in units sold is fixed expenses divided by unit contribution margin. The use of break-even analysis can be used to determine the viability of a new project. A very important cost accounting method that is used by accountants and managers in all industries is budgeting. Budgeting is a planning function that displays in quantitative form a proposed plan of action by management for a future period of time and is an aid to the coordination and implementation of the plan (Horngren, et al., 2000). The preparation of budgeted financial statements is referred too as pro forma statements. Three advantages of the use of budgets are planning, creation of per formance criteria, and promotion of coordination and communication. The most comprehensive budget prepared by organizations is the master budget. The master budget is composed of a series of interrelated budgets. Some of the subcomponents of the master budget are: Revenue budget Production budget Direct materials budget Ending inventory budget Manufacturing overhead budget R&D costs budget Marketing budget Distribution costs budget Customer service costs budget Administrative costs budget Capital budget Cash budget A technique that is used to evaluate the results of a budget or pro forma financial statemen

Racism and the Value of Justice in To Kill a Mockingbird Movie Review - 4

Racism and the Value of Justice in To Kill a Mockingbird - Movie Review Example Relatively, it is our decisions that shape our intentions in life, regardless of racial and socioeconomic differences. This idea is shown through the characters of Boo Radley, Atticus Finch, Tom Robinson, and Violet Ewell. Specifically, the theme is most noticeable during the courtroom scene wherein Atticus Finch, a White lawyer, defends Robinson, a Negro man, against the accusations of Violet Ewell, a White young lady. Towards the end of the film, Radley emerges as another significant and controversial character, and this is because he killed Bob Ewell, Violet’s father. 2) What were the choices made by the main characters and what were the consequences of those choices? The most interesting characters in the film are Atticus and Radley because their decisions create interesting ideas about what the film really means in relation to Racism, crime and the American justice system. For instance, Atticus’ decision in defending Tom Robinson negates the stereotypical notions a bout the antagonism between Blacks and Whites. Specifically, Atticus’ character signifies the objective American who values facts more than anything else in the courtroom. However, Atticus’ decisions and principles go against the verdict of the jury, who still dwell in their prejudiced notions about Blacks. Radley is another interesting character because of his strange involvement in the Violet Ewell vs. Robinson trial. For instance, one can become curious about Radley’s true intention of killing Violet’s father, who had forcibly pushed Robinson to plead guilty to the rape case. In this case, one can ask â€Å"Is killing an alternative to justice?† In analyzing Radley’s character, one can say that he signifies the persona of a radical American who aspires for change in society, a chance that even a qualified lawyer like Atticus cannot achieve through his legal and formal courtroom rules. Relatively, although Radley emerges only in the last p art of the film, his role in the film is as significant as Atticus’, and this is because of the diversion he brings to the film, which also creates new perceptions about the film, in general. 3) What are three or four sequences most important in the film? Why? Although the story is a narration, the plot of the film follows the chronological order of events wherein viewers sees the sequential interplay of scenes. The three most significant scenes in the film are the projection of the innocent Alabama life, in the first part of the film, the courtroom scene, and the death of Bob Ewell. The first scenes of the film introduce the viewers to the carefree, innocent life of Alabama, particularly with the Finch kids. However, as the narrator said, their carefree life was only the superficial aspect of reality during those times, considering the Depression that struck most people on the American continent. Further, the courtroom drama shows the social and political issues in American during those times, particularly concerning the prejudicial jury and stereotyping of the Negroes as criminals and untrustworthy. Lastly, the death of Bob Ewell signifies another interesting topic in the film, which is about the intentions and motivations in committing a crime.  Ã‚  

Competitive advantage of Firms in Global Industry

Competitive advantage of Firms in Global Industry THE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OF FIRMS IN GLOBAL INDUSTRY Introduction First and foremost, the important aspect to note and to discuss is the creation and sustainability of competitive advantage of multinational enterprise in the Global world and how strategies formed by each firm contributes to competitive advantage. Strategic competition An industry regardless is a combination of group of competing companies providing services or products that compete directly with each other. Products are encircled by strategically oriented industries especially if they have similarities in competitive advantage. The industries who share the same consumers, technologies, production channels, and etc. have their distinct way of competitive advantage requirements. Multinational enterprise competition is either won or lost depending on how successful their strategic competitive advantage favors them. The industry is an open avenue where multinational enterprise can compete with each other. Firms use competitive advantages to sustain and maximize profit for themselves although, there is no best competitive advantage but only the strategic means that is in favor of the firm succeeds. There are two major aspects to be considered while choosing a firms competitive advantage. The structure of the industry where the firm competes. The industrial competitiveness differs to each other, so for sustainable profits, not all industries offer same opportunities. Positioning within an industry: competitive positioning is very important but some multinational enterprise in a highly attractive industry may still be in difficult situation and might not have earned satisfactory profits if it has not chosen the right competitive positioning. Changes in the structure or entry barrier of industry can influence the attractiveness of the industry. Analytical structure of industry There are five competitive forces that explain what multinational enterprises undergo in order to compete with each other in the industry. They are as follows: The threat of new entrants into the industry The threat of substitute products or services of another firm Suppliers bargaining power Buyers bargaining power Rivalry among the existing competitors The performance and the profitability of each multinational enterprise are determined by the strength of the above mentioned five forces. Many industries where by the five forces favors them performs profitably well with great invested capital returns such as soft drinks, database publishing, pharmaceuticals etc. Whereas, industries which experiences pressure from one or more of those five forces tends to struggle and few among the firms in the industry realize profitability for a long term. The five forces are the basic tools used in determining the profitability of the industry because the prices firms charge are controlled by these forces and likewise the cost they have to bear and above all the investment required to competing in the industry. for instance, when a new entrants surfaces, there would be limits to the overall profit potential in the industry due to the fact that new entrants would bring fresh capacity and would look for market share pulling down margins. Higher cost of competitiveness brings about more profits for example, advertising, sales expense or passing on profits to customers in form of lower prices. Competitors tend to lower the price they charge on of products due to the presence of close substitute products. The structure of the industrys function is determined by the strength of each competitive factor for instance, the extent at which an enterprises sales is at risk to any one buyer and the issue of price sensitivity. This is regarded as buying power. Multinational enterprise can use their strategy influence the five forces to raise barriers of entry for instance the introduction of computer information to airline industry has raised the entry barrier as any new enterprise would require investment in hundreds of millions of pounds. Industrial structure varies and are different to each other depending on the type of industry it is such as the pharmaceuticals where barriers of entry is very high and difficult to penetrate due to the need of huge fixed research and development costs and economies of scale in selling to physicians. Getting and developing a substitutes and effective to drugs is not an easy task. The structure of the industry creates differing requirement for success such as differing skills and resources in different industries. Furthermore, multinational enterprise must be structurally attractive in the industry with sustainable entry barriers such as technology, skills, channels access and reputation of brand/product. Factor that might affect competitive advantage of multinational enterprise is the standard of living which would depend of the capacity of the firm to penetrate structurally attractive industries. Structural change helps competitiveness and creates opportunities for competitors to penetrate new industries. Structural change creates avenue for competitors to penetrate industries. A good example is the American dominance of IBM and Xerox, the firm was challenged successfully by a Japanese copier company due to underserved product segment such as small copier, using a new approach to the consumers by using dealers instead of direct sales, mass production of goods and pricing approach was modified. This strategic approach reduced the entry barriers and had a negative implication on the previous leaders (American firm) advantages. Positioning within industries According to Porter, at the heart of positioning is competitive advantage therefore for multinational enterprise to achieve success, they must possess a sustainable competitive advantage the two types of competitive advantages by Porter are as follows: Lower cost: this means being able to design, produce and market similar product more efficiently than other competitors. For example the Korean steel and semiconductor firm was able to produce at a very low cost, using low-wage but highly productive labor force and a modernized process. Differentiation: the ability to maintain quality and unique and superior value to consumers. From: http://tutor2u.net/business/images/competitive_strategies.gif Competitive Advantage Creation Competitive advantage would be shifted by innovation if multinational enterprise fails to perceive a new way of competing or are not able to respond to competition. For e.g. the Swiss watch producers were unable to identify the competitive advantage of Timex an American company due to the fear of low quality production whereas the American Timex mass produced inexpensive disposable watch. Causes of competitive advantages are: New technologies: some multinational enterprises steeped in an old technological paradigm cannot cope with this New and shifting consumer needs: in order to meet the needs of consumers firms might need to adopt a new value chain which might be difficult for some firms. For example the American fast food firms were able to gain competitive advantage over local restaurants due to this. Shifting cost: firms may find it difficult to compete as cost of production changes. New entrant /new industry segment: Government regulation changes: government may change her regulation such as the standard required for each products. This might be a barrier for some firms to compete. Highlights of factors affecting multinational enterprises There are two major types of factors affecting multinational enterprise. Internal factors External factors Internal factors include: Political parties Suppliers Buyers Competitors Consumer of respective country External factors include: Political environment, Legal environment, Socio-cultural environment Demographic conditions of respective country FURTHER EXPLANATION ON THE PROBLEMS FACING MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISE The supply chain of multinational companies can be made richer and promising, the cost of work force which is high could be changed or transformed and potential markets can be expanded. Furthermore, the advantage of multinational enterprise competition can be made stronger in a global market. Otherwise, some problems are met in the changed environments in foreign countries at the same time. The changed environments can be divided into four main parts, such as the following: Difference in culture Factors occurring in the environment Legal issues in environment Economic environment Political system issues All the changed environments make problems to multinational companies. In particular, problems which are caused by changed culture environment are the most serious aspect of running a multinational business. Cultural Competitive Advantage The norms and values of a country contribute to the cost and influence the cost of doing business in that country and likewise, the cost of doing business in a country enhances the strength of firms competitive advantage in an international market. For instance, the Hindu does not support capitalism as the ethics embedded in the Protestantism and the Confucianism furthermore, the Islamic laws disallowing interest payments mat raise the cost of doing business by constraining a countrys banking system. The example of Japans cultural influence of competitive advantage on international business cannot be over emphasized due to its ability to lower the cost of doing business such as group affiliation, loyalty, reciprocal obligations, honesty, and education which has contributed to the success of the countrys competitive advantage. In comparison of Japan and American firms, it has been argued that Japan is not in support of entrepreneur whereas the Americans are which has made it possible for the American firms to dominate companies that are in support of entrepreneurial activities such as biotechnology and computer software. Maintaining Economic Competitiveness Factor bestowal/benefaction As argued by Michael Porter, according to Heckscher-Ohlin theory, governments investment in education would go a long way to help the country by giving a good and proper education and skills to a larger population in the country. A good example is Japan, the secrete behind her success is the provision of quality education to a larger number of her population, which has tremendously maintained, contributed and helped her competitive advantage. Status of demand The status of home demand has a major role to play in the production of domestic products which enables firms to be innovative and aspire for quality. Japaneses quality camera production is due to the need for consumers demand. Complementing industries The existence of complementing industries would help the strength of its competitive advantage such as the Swedish steel industrys strong competitive advantage due to the production of fabricated steel like ball bearing and cutting tools. Adopted strategy, structure and firms rivals According to Michael Porter argument, the idea developed or employed by each country varies which might or might not help them maintain national economic competition. According to him, the Japanese and the German firms are being dominated by top engineers whereas in the USA, that with good financial background dominates the firms. He further argues that the USAs loss of power in the engineering dominated firms was due their adopted idea. Furthermore, rivals into the industry always bring about ways of improving production quality, cost reduction and innovative ideas which helps firms to compete internationally. Conclusion Michael Porter has very good competitive ideas which could help a firm to compete internationally. References: Richard M.S Wilson and Collingilligan A. (2007) Strategic marketing management, planning, implementation and control 3rd edition. Elsevier limited. Helen Deresky (2006) International Management, Managing Across Borders and Cultures. 5th Edition, USA: Pearson prentice hall. Jan Aart scholte (2000) Globalization, A Critical Introduction, 2nd Edition. Palgrave Macmillan. McGraw-Hill/, (2005) international business: competing in the Global marketplace 5th Edition. The McGraw-Hill/Irwin companies Inc. http://tutor2u.net/business/strategy/global-business-global-strategy.html 4th Jan 2010 http://i.investopedia.com/inv/articles/site/IndustryHandbook1x.gif 5th Jan 2010 http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/56/36/1922428.pdf 9th Feb 2010 http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Discuss-Management-Problems-Facing-Multinational-Companies/120224 10th Feb 2010 http://tutor2u.net/business/images/competitive_strategies.gif 11th Feb 2010 http://www.articlealley.com/article_183485_22.html 13th Feb 2010

Summary of The Color Purple Essay -- essays research papers

Alice Walker's The Color Purple is a touching story of one African American woman's journey through abuse and oppression to finding her own voice and self-worth as well as definite place in the world around her. The novel is written in an epistolary format and has a very confessional and emotionally raw tone. Through using this format, Walker has more freedom to weave an impressive network of heartfelt themes and colorful characters, in addition to displaying her talents for delivering to her readers an addictive and suspenseful plot. The story opens with a hideous sexual crime against Celie, the fourteen-year-old protagonist of The Color Purple. Having being raped by Pa, the man that she knows as her father, she becomes pregnant twice and bears him two incestuous children. Pa, who has consistently abused Celie over the years, is ashamed and enraged at the birth of their children, and takes them and kills them while Celie is sleeping. Celie is told "You better not tell nobody but God. It'd kill your mammy" (Walker 1). This tragic incident ruins Celie's child-bearing ability permanently and introduces her as the submissive, obedient, and abused character that she is through-out the majority of the story. After her mother dies and leaves her alone with her father on their rural Georgian farm, her only source of hope, comfort and security comes from her younger sister Nettie. Soon afterwards, Pa has a discussion with a widowed man in town who has interest in marrying Nettie. Pa, who has incestuous interest in Nettie , says that she is too young in order to keep her for himself. However, he convinces the man to marry Celie, saying "She ugly...but she ain't no stranger to hard work. And she clean. And God done fixed her. You ca... ... lover and motherly-figure that Celie takes refuge in. By the end of the story, Shug is entirely in love with Celie and settles down to live with her. Walker does and impressive job with the characters in The Color Purple. Through making them all round and dynamic, it is easier to connect and relate to their situations and decisions. The plot is laid out through the first person view and is therefore very personal and touching, as the story is told through Celie’,s eyes and heart. Although the epistolary format, time gaps and the lack of definite setting can make the novel confusing at times, Walker’,s choice to write in the manner does help to make the story more believable and personal, much like reading a diary. Beautifully imagined and deeply compassionate, The Color Purple is a successful novel rich in passion, pain, inspiration, and an indomitable love of life.

Case Study of Architect Looi Mun Kit

1THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE & A ; URBANISM [ ARC61303 ] Undertaking: Theorizing Architecture Introduction1.1 Project Description The purpose of this undertaking is to convey and understanding of architect’s architectural theory through a direct observation and analysis of his undertakings. Each of the architectural elements in the chosen edifice will be broken down and matched with the relevant architectural theories. Besides that, analysis of the relationship between architecture and its societal, cultural and rational context will be elaborated through assorted diagrams and description. 1.2 Background of the Architect Architect: Looi Mun Kit LAM I.D: A/L 344 Ar. Looi Mun Kit is one of the managers in LNL SDN BHD. He spent most of his childhood in a market as it gives a distinguishable life experience. Therefore, it shapes his characteristic and his slogan in this field. His instruction life brought him up as a leader, a commanding officer. Good opportunities were provided to develop his subject and be precise on what he wants. During his Diploma old ages, he does non understand the theories of architecture at all due to the feverish sum of assignments. After he graduated from his Diploma, he went to work earlier continues on his farther surveies at overseas. He gained the most valuable lesson about architecture field from his wise man. He to the full understands how this field works after two old ages of preparation. He passed through his Masterss instead easy. After his graduation, he continued work under his old house to pay off his debt. After five old ages of working experience, he passed his professional paper by first test. Ar. Looi has his ain theory on architecture is a portion in our lives. Every individual line formed the architecture in average clip it creates a life style to the user. He besides focuses on phenomenology or the sense of topographic point. Human activities or experiences of the infinites are focused and planned exactly. Every infinite was engaged with alone characteristic to heighten the overall spacial experience. The circulation flow was designed in consistently to let users to appreciate every individual corner of the edifice, holding no wastage of infinite. 1.3 Background of the Firm Ar Looi together with his class mate, Mr Adrian Liew decided to open their ain house. LNL SDN BHD was established in the twelvemonth 2009. LNL is a design company associated with MK LOOI Architect. The beginning of LNL is from the both manager Looi and Liew. Besides that, it stands a farther significance of their company slogan which is â€Å"Lines into a Lifestyle† . LNL has a studio like office atmosphere. LNL consist of a group of designers that believes in the integrating of the client’s needs with their design doctrine that each â€Å"lines† could be made into a â€Å"lifestyle† . The house is presently focuses largely on bungalow undertakings. LNL believed that the society needs to better their life style, and a good life style is inculcated foremost and first in homes. By planing better homes, the quality of the occupants’ lives will be improved. Not merely that, LNL besides believe on good work deserves a good wage. Hence, their rates were ne'er lowered to guarantee the ideal quality and their repute. In future, LNL is easy taking in developer’s undertaking to further widen their concern in building field.Undertaking Analysis2.1 Background of the Iron Leaf, Bentong The site is located at Bentong, Pahang which is 45 kilometers north from Kuala Lumpur. The map of this edifice is a retreat house for the client. It is an idle infinite for weekends escaped. The client wants to bask the quiet and peaceable province of ambiance with nature sound milieus. She besides wished to hold a edifice design to let her to experience nearer to the nature. The construct of this undertaking is to make an constitution that emulates the form and the feature of a foliage. This modern-day design edifice stands out in a rain forest puting due to its materiality and the site context. Steel was used as the chief construction for this edifice. It creates the lightweight and elevated feeling, it besides portraits the whole thought of a foliage hanging on a tree. 2.2 Architectural Theories 2.2.1 Modernism The theory of modernism can be observed through a several elements in the edifice. Modernism is seeking the order and simpleness of the edifice manner. The edifice had shown its simpleness through exterior design and spacial layout. Louis Sullivan’s theory on ‘form follow function’ is applied in good in this edifice. Spatial agreement of the edifice is every bit arranged in a additive signifier. Public and private infinites are classified clearly. Besides that, to heighten the overall spacial experience, the public infinites are located at the corner of the edifice where the sound or noise would non impact the user in private infinites. The following feature of a modernism theory applied on the edifice design is the unfastened planning. The map of the gap programs is to film over the lines or boundary between exterior and interior. Glass panels were used as separation line between exterior and interior. The use of glass panel will non blockade the perfect positions of the encompassing nature and it was brought into the inside ( Figure2.2.1 ) . Besides film overing the boundaries, unfastened floor programs were interpreted as an unfastened life, kitchen and dining country as public infinite or as a node. Following, accent of rectangular signifiers and horizontal lines were one of the most signifying modernism architecture. Diagram 2.2.1 has shown that Iron foliage is design with strong accent on horizontal lines. As compared to Frank Lloyd Wright’s Falling H2O, both of these houses have the similar feature. Last, honestness on stuff represented one of the characteristic in modernism architecture. Building stuffs were remained to its most original signifier and texture. Material texture is exposed and without any coatings ( Figure2.2.2 ) . Concrete wall was used to contrast with the wooden floor. 2.2.2 Deconstructivism Deconstructivism focused on making pandemonium and disjuncture. The roof is the highlighted point in this undertaking, where it besides stand foring the component of deconstructivism. The roof is non an ordinary pitch roof but it was arranged depicting as a foliage hanging on a tree. The agreement of beams gives ocular impacts towards the user when they foremost enter the infinite. The singularity of the roof gave a sense of suspended in a quiet hush and a modern-day reading of environing nature, like a drifting foliage from a tree. It besides gives a ocular visual aspect of stimulating capriciousness and a controlled pandemonium. 2.2.3 Critical Regionalism and Phenomenology Critical regionalism motion is a combination of Modernism and Regionalism. Critical regionalism focused on the individuality of a civilization while at the same clip holding an international manner of design. Architecture of critical regionalism makes mentions to the site ; it besides can be interpreted as mastermind venue. Iron foliage is design harmonizing to its site context. Concrete stilts to back up the edifice besides the incline. The edifice is situated at the high land concealing behind the alcoholic of verdures. Hence, the house should be provided with maximal unfastened infinites to take full advantage on the cool air flow for airing every bit good as the fulfilling ocular visual aspect to the user. Theory of phenomenology is farther added in to the design to heighten the overall experience for the user. The use of natural stuff and gaps enhance the whole journey through the house where creates the sense of topographic point. When the user enters the edifice, they could ex perience the sense of belonging towards the nature where it blends together with the edifice. 2.3.1 Climatic As the site is located on top of the hill, the utmost perpendicular place of the land harmonizing to the contour caused the design to be a additive stretch edifice. The overall signifier of the edifice is dynamic because of its form. Long and rectangular edifice was topographic point on the site. Important infinites are planned at the both sides. A long stretch of corridor is connected straight to the chief public country. The edifice orientation is design based on the climatic factors. Design based on climatic factors will assist to make a sustainable design edifice ( Diagram 2.3.1 ) . Besides that, it besides will assist to salvage the cost of the edifice by cut downing unneeded gaps. The northern and south way of the edifice is the forepart and rear lifts. Both of these lifts have a longer facade. This is to avoid the direct sunshine enters to the edifice during the twenty-four hours clip. Large gaps on the front lift are to catch the position of the brow and besides let daytime to perforate into the edifice. In contrast with the left and right lift, both of it has a shorter facade. Additionally, louvres or shadowing devices are used to avoid direct sunshine or heat enters the edifice ( Diagram 2.3.2 ) . The extra use of the big gaps at front lift is to let the prevailing air current enters the edifice. Taking in history of the airing, edifice is design in a rectangular signifier. The longer side of the facade leads the air current enters the edifice. Hence, the airing does non interrupt and straight out from another side of the facade ( Diagram 2.3.3 ) . It helps to make the cross airing taking topographic point inside the edifice. Mechanical airing does non necessitate in this edifice because of the well design of gaps. In nutshell, the edifice is design in its best orientation whereby daytime and airing are maximized to come in the edifice. It besides a sustainable design edifice because of the consideration of constructing orientation helps to cut down most of the mechanical or unreal visible radiation and airing. Artificial lightings were non required to exchange on during twenty-four hours clip. Last, the house is ever ventilated, hence mechanical airing are unneeded. 2.3.2 Material and Technology Most of the stuffs are precast. Materials are selected or take carefully to prolong and requires minimum care with consideration of the natural environment. Therefore, steel is the chief high spot of the stuff. Roof construction is made from steel and screens with a bed metal sheet to reflect the edifice to its surrounding. Steel besides used as frames to gives a lightweight consequence as reference before with the construct. Besides that, steel construction is fast and easy to construct in building industry. Furthermore, concrete was chosen as built stuff. Walls were built utilizing concrete. Unpolished concrete or cement rendered surfaces are used to carry through the construct of modernism whereby honestness on stuff. Concrete besides used to strike the immense contrast between wooden decks and floorings. It will give the sense of integrating with natural and built. Furthermore, glass panels are used to supply the maximal positions to the user while they can bask the positions even inside of the edifice. Additionally, maximise daylighting and airing can be brought into the edifice. Artificial illuming were non required during the twenty-four hours. The edifice is ever ventilated because of the big gaps at the prevailing air current way. Last, trees that cut on the site are recycled and used as a stuff for furniture to heighten the overall materiality inside the edifice. Another component to foreground on is the roof construction. The column that supports the roof is designed as a tree-like-structure. It was a interruption off point from a traditional unit of ammunition or square column, the designer chose this progress engineering method to back up the roof. The tree-like-structure functioned as a infinite framing and the building method was derived from umbrella construction. The whole thought of this tree-like-structure is to give an semblance to the user as a tree subdivision back uping a elephantine metallic foliage. The whole roof construction is fundamentally exposed. Inner construction ( beams ) was exposed to the inside. It allowed the user experience as a elephantine foliage covers the whole inside. The agreement of beams is non in a common consecutive lines as it followed the construct of deconstructivism, where created a controlled pandemonium signifier. The construction is pre-fabricated before puting at the site. Last, the construction is made from several steel columns and welded together to make the form of the tree subdivision. 3.0 Decision ‘Lines into a lifestyle’ is the slogan of LNL, a simple line can make an incalculable potency and shapes the quality of infinites that support a life style. The slogan besides matches Ar. Looi’s theories in architecture. Each and every infinite engaged with alone characteristic to heighten the overall spacial experience. Circulation of the interior edifice is design in consistently and non a individual infinite is being left out. Ar Looi emerged successfully on the theories of Modernism, Deconstructivism and Critical Regionalism into this edifice design. All the feature of different theories blends in harmoniously as one whole design. Furthermore, to heighten the overall experience in the edifice he uses the theory of phenomenology. Human’s senses are added on to see the edifice as a topographic point instead than a infinite. He besides produced the design that respects the tropical environment and suiting with the client’s life style. The theories or past experience he learnt during his life have successfully made him a good designer. Ar Looi and his theories have successfully creates a new architectural individuality of the Malaysian while conveying the life quality to a whole new degree for the society.

What Is Responsibility of Accounting

According to allbusiness. com, responsibility accounting is defined as a â€Å"collection, summarization, and reporting of financial information about various decision centers (responsibility centers) throughout an organization† (allbusiness. com). The article also explains that responsibility accounting helps an organization trace costs, revenues and profits to the individual managers who are responsible for decision making. Responsibility accounting also measures performance of each manager in regards to how he or she manages these costs, revenues, and profits. I am not sure if my company uses responsibility accounting; however, I will assume the company does due to its many departments. Our company has a research department that I would assume is a cost center. The company also has a cost center for each region to keep track of all costs related to the spending of office materials, travel expenses, and administrative costs. The profit centers within our company is our sales departments and brand team departments. Each brand team deals with different categories of medications. Examples of the different brand team departments are, cardiovascular brand team, the respiratory brand team, the oncology brand team, and the CNS brand team. The different brand teams have different managers who are responsible for the budgets, calculating ROI and implementing appropriate costing systems. As mentioned in an article in MAAW online, the advantages to responsibility accounting within the company I am employed by fit the reasons explained below. â€Å"Provides a way to manage an organization that would otherwise be unmanageable. † * â€Å"Assigning responsibility to lower level managers allows higher level managers to pursue other activities such as long term planning and policy making. † * â€Å"Provides a way to motivate lower level managers and workers. Managers and workers in an individualistic system tend to be motivated by measurements that emphasize their individual performances† (MAAW, 2010).

Misconceptions in Dealing with essays

Misconceptions in Dealing with essays The dispute on abortion has become one of the most heated debates in today's society. It is a subject that can instigate incredibly strong emotions on either side of the argument. Since the Supreme Court's Roe v. Wade decision in 1973, which legalized abortions in the United States, women have had the individual right as people to decide the fate of their own bodies. This right can not be negotiated. People are not merely a means to an end, but ends themselves. A woman treated as an incubator of a fetus by the law is simply a means to an end, therefore disregarded as a person. There are many misconceptions about abortion. These misconceptions can potentially lead to the loss of women's individual and necessary rights to choose for themselves whether or not they want to bear a child. Most of these common misconceptions can not only be easily identified, but also utterly refuted. One of these common misconceptions is that human life begins at conception. This conclusion simply does not follow. As affirmed by Thomson in her article A Defense of Abortion: "Similar things may be said about the development of an acorn into an oak tree, and it does not follow that acorns are oak trees, or that we had better say they are" (356). There is no scientific consensus as to when human life begins. It is much more a matter of philosophic opinion or religious belief. Human life is a continuum; sperm and eggs are also alive, and represent potential human beings, but virtually all sperm and eggs are wasted. In addition, two-thirds of human conceptions are spontaneously aborted by nature. Another extremely disputable Pro-Life argument is that a fetus should have rights under the law. If fetal rights were enshrined in law, women's bodies, rights, and health would be subordinated to the protection of embryos. The legal consequences of such a law would be simply catastrophic. The best way to protect the fetus is to promote the health and well being of w...

Ancestry of Camilla Parker-Bowles

Ancestry of Camilla Parker-Bowles The second wife of Britains Prince Charles, Camilla Parker Bowles was born Camilla Shand in London, England in 1947. She met Prince Charles at Windsor Great Park in the early seventies. Believing he would never propose, however, she married Army officer Andrew Parker Bowles with whom she had two children, Tom, born in 1975 and Laura, born in 1979. Her marriage to Andrew ended in divorce in January 1995. Interesting Facts One of the most famous individuals in Camillas family tree is her great-grandmother, Alice Frederica Edmonstone Keppel, royal mistress to King Edward VII from 1898 until his death in 1910. Madonna shares a distant relationship with Camilla Parker Bowles through Zacharie Cloutier (1617-1708), while Celine Dion shares descent with Camilla from Jean Guyon (1619-1694). Camilla Parker-Bowles Family Tree This family tree is explained using an  Ahnentafel chart,  a standard numbering scheme which makes it easy to see at a glance how a specific ancestor is related to the root individual, as well as easily navigate between generations of a family. First Generation: 1. Camilla Rosemary SHAND was born on 17 Jul 1947 in Kings College Hospital, London.  She married Brigadier Andrew Henry PARKER-BOWLES (b. 27 Dec 1939) at The Guards Chapel, Wellington Barracks, on 4 July 1973. Their marriage ended in divorce in 1996.1 Second Generation: 2. Major Bruce Middleton Hope SHAND was born on 22 Jan 1917.2  Major Bruce Middleton Hope SHAND and Rosalind Maud CUBITT were married on 2 Jan 1946 in St. Pauls Knightsbridge.3 3. Rosalind Maud CUBITT was born on 11 Aug 1921 in 16 Grosvenor Street, London.  She died in 1994.3 Major Bruce Middleton Hope SHAND and Rosalind Maud CUBITT had the following children:4 1 i. Camilla Rosemary SHANDii. Sonia Annabel SHAND was born on 2 Feb 1949.iii. Mark Roland SHAND was born on 28 Jun 1951 and died on 23 Apr 2014. Third Generation: 4. Philip Morton SHAND was born on 21 Jan 1888 in Kensington.5 He died on 30 Apr 1960 in Lyon, France. Philip Morton SHAND and Edith Marguerite HARRINGTON were married on 22 Apr 1916.6 They were divorced in 1920. 5. Edith Marguerite HARRINGTON was born on 14 Jun 1893 in Fulham, London.7 Philip Morton SHAND and Edith Marguerite HARRINGTON had the following children: 2 i. Major Bruce Middleton Hope SHANDii. Elspeth Rosamund Morton SHAND 6. Roland Calvert CUBITT, 3rd Baron Ashcombe, was born on 26 Jan 1899 in London and  died on 28 Oct 1962 in Dorking, Surrey.  Roland Calvert CUBITT and Sonia Rosemary KEPPEL were married on 16 Nov 1920 in Guards Chapel, Wellington Barracks, St. George Hanover Square.8 They were divorced in Jul 1947. 7. Sonia Rosemary KEPPEL was born on 24 May 1900.9  She died on 16 Aug 1986. Roland Calvert CUBITT and Sonia Rosemary KEPPEL had the following children: 3 i. Rosalind Maud CUBITTii. Henry Edward CUBITT was born on 31 Mar 1924.iii. Jeremy John CUBITT was born on 7 May 1927.  He died on 12 Jan 1958. Fourth Generation: 8. Alexander Faulkner SHAND was born on 20 May 1858 in Bayswater, London.10 He died on 6 Jan 1936 in Edwardes Place, Kensington, London. Alexander Faulkner SHAND and Augusta Mary COATES were married on 22 Mar 1887 in St. George, Hanover Square, London.11 9. Augusta Mary COATES was born on 16 May 1859 in Bath, Somerset.12 Alexander Faulkner SHAND and Augusta Mary COATES had the following children: 4 i. Philip Morton SHAND 10. George Woods HARRINGTON was born on 11 Nov 1865 in Kensington.13 George Woods HARRINGTON and Alice Edith STILLMAN were married on 4 Aug 1889 in St. Lukes, Paddington.14 11. Alice Edith STILLMAN was born about 1866 in Notting Hill, London.15 George Woods HARRINGTON and Alice Edith STILLMAN had the following children: i. Cyril G. HARRINGTON was born about 1890 in Parsons Green.5 ii. Edith Marguerite HARRINGTON 12. Henry CUBITT, 2nd Baron Ashcombe was born on 14 Mar 1867. He died on 27 Oct 1947 in Dorking, Surrey. Henry CUBITT and Maud Marianne CALVERT were married on 21 Aug 1890 in Ockley, Surrey, England. 13. Maud Marianne CALVERT was born in 1865 in Charlton, near Woolwich, England. She died on 7 Mar 1945. Henry CUBITT and Maud Marianne CALVERT had the following children: i. Captain Henry Archibald CUBITT was born on 3 Jan 1892.  He died on 15 Sep 1916.ii. Lieutenant Alick George CUBITT was born on 16 Jan 1894.  He died on 24 Nov 1917.iii. Lieutenant William Hugh CUBITT was born on 30 May 1896.  He died on 24 Mar 1918.6 iv. Roland Calvert CUBITT, 3rd Baron Ashcombev. Archibald Edward CUBITT was born on 16 Jan 1901.  He died on 13 Feb 1972.vi. Charles Guy CUBITT was born on 13 Feb 1903.  He died in 1979. 14. Lt. Col. George KEPPEL was born on 14 Oct 1865 and  died on 22 Nov 1947.16 Lt. Col. George KEPPEL and Alice Frederica EDMONSTONE were married on 1 Jun 1891 in St. George, Hanover Square, London.17 15. Alice Frederica EDMONSTONE was born in 1869 in Duntreath Castle, Loch Lomond, Scotland. She died on 11 Sep 1947 in Villa Bellosquardo, near Firenze, Italy. Lt. Col. George KEPPEL and Alice Frederica EDMONSTONE had the following children: i. Violet KEPPEL was born on 6 Jun 1894.  She died on 1 Mar 1970.7 ii. Sonia Rosemary KEPPEL

Common Interview Questions for Teaching Jobs

Common Interview Questions for Teaching Jobs Before walking into any job interview, you should take some time to prepare a few answers to common interview questions. You may even want to write out your answers and practice saying them aloud so that they come naturally to you once youre sitting down for your interview. If youre interviewing for a teaching position, youll want to think specifically about what kinds of education-related questions might come up. At a Title I school, for example, you may be asked,  What do you know about Title I? If you practice answering these questions now, you wont stumble through them later. Basic Questions Expect to be asked a few basic questions about yourself no matter what position youre interviewing for. While some of these questions may seem simple, you still want to be prepared with thoughtful answers. Some common basic questions include: Tell me about yourself.Why are you interested in this position?What are your greatest strengths?What are your weaknesses?Where do you see yourself in five years? Experience Unless you are applying for an entry-level position, you will likely  be asked about your background and teaching experience. The interviewer will want to know how well you work with others and what kinds of environments you are most comfortable in. You may be asked some questions along these lines: What experience do you have using computers in the classroom?Are you a team player? If so, please give me an example of a time you worked well with others.What grade level would you be most comfortable teaching?What type of reading program did you use in  student teaching?Describe your  student teaching  successes and failures. Classroom Management An employer considering you for a teaching position will want to know how you handle yourself in the classroom and interact with students. Expect to be quizzed on classroom management strategies and other logistical issues. Questions may  include: If I walked into your classroom during reading time, what would I see?What methods do you use for classroom management? Describe a  difficult incident with a student and how you handled it.How would you handle difficult parents?Give me an example of a rule or procedure in your classroom.If you could design the ideal classroom for elementary students, what would it look like? Lesson Planning Once your interviewer is sure that you can keep a classroom under control, theyll want to know how you plan lessons and evaluate student learning. You may be asked any number of the following questions: Describe a good lesson and  explain why it was good.How would you go about  planning a lesson?How would you individualize a curriculum for students at various levels?How would you identify the special needs of particular students?What methods have you used or would you use to assess student learning? Philosophy of Learning Finally, your interviewer may want to know how you think about education more broadly, what you consider to be the qualities of a good teacher, what you know about different learning models,  etc. These types of questions may include: Tell me what you know about the Four Blocks  Literacy Model.What is your personal  educational philosophy?What are the most important qualifications for being a good teacher?What was the last educational book you read?

Compare the characteristics of an operational database and a Essay

Compare the characteristics of an operational database and a dimensional database - Essay Example The data normalization for the operational database is required at a very high level to avoid the data redundancy. This type of databases is also referred to the â€Å"On-Line Transaction Processing† OLPT. This type of database is updated after every transaction and also represents the snapshot of a very current business situation. In an operation database, records are changed, updated, added and replaced. Relational model is used to compose operational systems with update and insert operations. Current databases are multidimensional, and technology is applied to distributed data. Large, complex, and high performance data is only facilitated by the dimensional database. For example, a sale manager wants to view the sale of a product for the particular region over a period. This is the dimensional view of data as higher dimensionality requires the high volume of data. The â€Å"On-Line analytical processing† known as OLAP enables the managers, analysts and professional to gain insight in view of information. An OLAP server supports the structures of the dimensional database. For dimensional databases, the multidimensional model is used to model the system. A company has multidimensional database of products, sales, finance, and employees. (IBM

Social security Tax Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Social security Tax - Term Paper Example The ultimate beneficiary of tax collections are the masses who are given services like quality health services, public schooling, safety and security, cleaner neighborhood, better road and other infrastructural developments. Thus, it can be said that the government uses the people’s money and put it into use that can be translated into better facilities for them. One such taxation is that of social security taxation, the proceeds of which are pooled into to provide old-age benefits, pensions, child health and unemployed. Thus, the key beneficiaries of this kind of taxation are the most vulnerable classes of the society. This paper will shed light on the whole system of social security taxation, its pros and cons and its efficiency in fulfilling its intended purpose. In order to clarify the present day social security system it is imperative to study its evolution over time. The concept of social security was pioneered in 1935 when the American association for Social security led by Abraham Epstein coined the word social security. The actual payments were started in the January of 1937 as retirement funds. However these were only given to the primary working member of the family. It was only in 1939 when the survivors benefit for spouses and children were introduced. With time, more benefits were added to the scope of social security for example, benefits for the disabled were initiated in 1956 and it was followed by a major milestone in the year 1965, when the congress signed the social security law to add medical care to its portfolio of benefits. In order to ensure that people pay this kind of taxation for their own good in the long run, social security number was issued. These numbers became the basis of identification after some time and was used by the civil service commission and revenue boards by 1962. In the United States, the social

Discussion Question Responses Strategic Management 2 Assignment

Discussion Question Responses Strategic Management 2 - Assignment Example â€Å"Agents for change as described as undeserving victims of the irrational and dysfunctional responses of change recipients† (Ford, Ford & D’Amelio, 2008, p.362). The organizational leadership needs to be certain that they are finding the proper fit in all recruitment efforts and since Pearce & Robinson identify the importance of change and adaptability, it cannot be reinforced enough that recruitment is vital to business success. â€Å"A successful organization depends on the creation of shared meanings and mutual interpretations of reality† (Darling & Beebe, 2007, p.77). Mission and vision create a sense of purpose for the organization, thus giving a focus for cultural development and to assist management in creating harmonious and unified work teams. Organizational performance expectations should hold individuals accountable for their failure or assistance in meeting vision and mission goals since they act as the foundation for forward strategy and organizational development. All future issues as they relate to strategic intention are founded on mission and vision goals and therefore the entire organization should adopt a culture of shared values and mutual respect for this goal attainment. There really is no other measure of whether or not individuals within the organization are meeting performance goals without first looking at the mission and vision and then determining whether targets have been met by teams and the individual employee. â€Å"Motivation is based on empowerment, development and communication as it concerns people† (Panayotopoulou & Papalexandris, 2004, p.499). While the vision and mission statements are designed to offer purpose and direction, they sometimes fail to motivate performance. When considering the situation at Enron, employees were motivated by their empowerment to skirt legalities and cover information since they received no reprimand for these actions. The loose management structure of fast money

How airlines have been effected by the economic recession and how they Essay

How airlines have been effected by the economic recession and how they adapted - Essay Example ironment of cutthroat business, the company must adapt dynamic strategies within the broader paradigm of ethical consideration which would meet the shrinking pocket of the customer. At the same time, the strategic plans must also ensure comfortable margin of profit for the companies. Hence, airlines are being creative in the following ways: Dynamic pricing as per the demands of the customers have become the most common strategy of the airlines. Low fare strategy and giving fringe benefits with higher fare has become popular as it attracts not only those customers who work within the defined budgets but also the premium class who an afford extra. Interesting some airlines have also started offering different classes like business class, executive, economic and premium economic depending on the legroom and extra facilities like free drink, enclosed cabin, etc. Customers are being offered innovative packages and arrangement within flights. While some airlines like Virgin offer personal space by allotting front row for business class, others like British Airways is giving its premium economy class more privacy, space and comfort in a secluded cabin. Kay (1995) says that business relationships are linkages that promote organizational growth. Airlines are evolving new ways of earning and seasonal tickets for defined tourist places are being offered at flexible prices. Thus, airlines are also forging alliances with leisure market, corporate world etc. to boost their revenue. In the current times, food and drinks that were taken for granted on long routes have now become charged items. The local airlines and some international airlines have started charging for the food and drinks from the customers. The airlines compensate the financial loss on low fare by charging exorbitantly on eatables on flight. Space allocation or leg room has become a scarce item. The airlines have increasingly been charging customers for extra legroom and for preferred seat like window or

Do Modern Finance And Government Intervention Crash The Financial Research Paper

Do Modern Finance And Government Intervention Crash The Financial System - Research Paper Example This crisis resulted in severe issues including threat of total failure of large financial institutions, evictions, foreclosures, stock market downturns, housing market meltdowns, job terminations, and prolonged unemployment. Evidently, the 2008 global financial crisis significantly reduced the growth rate of countries worldwide and many western economies including US suffered huge net losses. A large number of business organizations went out of the business and thus many investors lost their money. Investigation reports indicate that it was the US housing bubble that led to the damage of financial institutions worldwide. Even though the US Federal government has pumped a huge volume of money into the market, the US economy has not yet completely recovered from the impacts of the crisis. This research paper will critically analyze the crash of the global financial system by referring to the book ‘Alchemists of loss: How modern finance and government intervention crashed the fin ancial system’ written by Dowd and Hutchinson. The paper will particularly evaluate whether the elements of modern finance and government intervention have played a role in crashing the financial system. An Overview of Modern Finance Emergence of floating currencies was a major event led to the development of modern finance. In 1971, Richard Nixon, the 37th president of the United States, suspended the dollar’s convertibility into gold in order to resolve financial difficulties associated with a huge trade deficit and Vietnam War. This policy brought an end to the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates whereby capital flow from one country to another had been limited by exchange regulations. Since investing abroad was an expensive task under the Bretton Woods system, pension funds had kept their money home. According to Caldentey and Vernengo (2010), the policy amendment made the currencies floatable and entirely changed the way financial markets operate; and this change also created the need of currency hedging and resulted in the introduction of futures in financial markets. The floating exchange rates played a crucial role in the development of liberalized markets, which eliminated credit controls and promoted the entry of new lenders. Another effect of the new exchange rate system was the abolition of capital controls and this process led to a sharp appreciation of the dollar and pound. Institutions like insurance companies and pensions funds could freely move money without cross border limitations. In 1975, America introduced a financial reform to eliminate the distinction between brokers and jobbers and thereby to slash commissions. This reform gradually led a long term decline of broking revenues and widely restructured the industry. The increased need for capital forced investment banks either to make money on the stock market or to combine with commercial banks. The broadening of banking businesses resulted in more complex banking transactions and firms started to engage in more risky business ventures. In order to mitigate the growing level of business uncertainty, new forms of exchange rate risk reduction mechanisms such as options and swaps were introduced. In the w ords of Ryder, â€Å"futures, options, and swaps all have the same characteristic: a small position can lead to a much larger exposure† (cited in The Economist). In order to take advantages of the changes in global business environment resulting from globalization, creditors began to lend huge amounts of money to entrepreneurs and other

Cauda Equina Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cauda Equina - Assignment Example Apparently, the Cauda equina syndrome is a neurological disorder which affects the Cauda equina located in the spinal cord of the human body. Evidently, this condition causes acute function loss of the lumbar plexus, in other words, the nervous root of the spinal cord. Notably, the disease has some distinct symptoms for instance back pains, saddle anesthesia among others. Evidently, other etiologies of the caunda equina syndrome are spinal fractures and any compression in the affected nerve root in the spinal cord. However, fractures in the thoracolumbar spine do not necessarily attribute to caunda equina syndrome. In summation, most injuries in the neural spine usually postulate caunda equina condition therefore, any instance of back pain should be examined before it turns into fatal caunda equina syndrome. Notably, we are told that patient was unable to straighten this signifies thatthe Cauda equina infection had spread vastly the vertebral region thus causing the stiffness. Evidently, numbness over the left anterior region served as a vital signature that the Cauda equina syndrome was present in the patient. However, this are some of the significant symptoms that are key markers of the infestation of the disease. Therefore, if the above symptoms were diagnosed much earlier, the condition would have been managed by the uses of medication to prevent further spread. On the same note, the only remedy for the advanced form of this ailment is through surgery. In conclusion, this condition is curable if detecting early enough. However, if detected at an advanced stage it may be fatal since the individual may suffer from spine fractures hence fatal. To this end, it is necessary to go for regular checkup if the symptoms are viewed in an individual in a bid to curb instance of progression of the condition in the

Do Modern Finance And Government Intervention Crash The Financial Research Paper

Do Modern Finance And Government Intervention Crash The Financial System - Research Paper Example This crisis resulted in severe issues including threat of total failure of large financial institutions, evictions, foreclosures, stock market downturns, housing market meltdowns, job terminations, and prolonged unemployment. Evidently, the 2008 global financial crisis significantly reduced the growth rate of countries worldwide and many western economies including US suffered huge net losses. A large number of business organizations went out of the business and thus many investors lost their money. Investigation reports indicate that it was the US housing bubble that led to the damage of financial institutions worldwide. Even though the US Federal government has pumped a huge volume of money into the market, the US economy has not yet completely recovered from the impacts of the crisis. This research paper will critically analyze the crash of the global financial system by referring to the book ‘Alchemists of loss: How modern finance and government intervention crashed the fin ancial system’ written by Dowd and Hutchinson. The paper will particularly evaluate whether the elements of modern finance and government intervention have played a role in crashing the financial system. An Overview of Modern Finance Emergence of floating currencies was a major event led to the development of modern finance. In 1971, Richard Nixon, the 37th president of the United States, suspended the dollar’s convertibility into gold in order to resolve financial difficulties associated with a huge trade deficit and Vietnam War. This policy brought an end to the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates whereby capital flow from one country to another had been limited by exchange regulations. Since investing abroad was an expensive task under the Bretton Woods system, pension funds had kept their money home. According to Caldentey and Vernengo (2010), the policy amendment made the currencies floatable and entirely changed the way financial markets operate; and this change also created the need of currency hedging and resulted in the introduction of futures in financial markets. The floating exchange rates played a crucial role in the development of liberalized markets, which eliminated credit controls and promoted the entry of new lenders. Another effect of the new exchange rate system was the abolition of capital controls and this process led to a sharp appreciation of the dollar and pound. Institutions like insurance companies and pensions funds could freely move money without cross border limitations. In 1975, America introduced a financial reform to eliminate the distinction between brokers and jobbers and thereby to slash commissions. This reform gradually led a long term decline of broking revenues and widely restructured the industry. The increased need for capital forced investment banks either to make money on the stock market or to combine with commercial banks. The broadening of banking businesses resulted in more complex banking transactions and firms started to engage in more risky business ventures. In order to mitigate the growing level of business uncertainty, new forms of exchange rate risk reduction mechanisms such as options and swaps were introduced. In the w ords of Ryder, â€Å"futures, options, and swaps all have the same characteristic: a small position can lead to a much larger exposure† (cited in The Economist). In order to take advantages of the changes in global business environment resulting from globalization, creditors began to lend huge amounts of money to entrepreneurs and other

Twentieth-Century art Essay Example for Free

Twentieth-Century art Essay In 1902 Boccioni left Rome to study the Impressionists in Paris; later, in 1904, he settled for some months in Russia with a family he had known in France. Through a trip to France in the autumn of 1911 Boccioni had become familiar with Cubist techniques. This new experience helped him to achieve a more autonomous artistic language in which the fragmentation of color was combined with a deeper perception of space. With time Boccioni was evolving an image of staggering physical power, and explored different means of expression. In his The City Rises of 1910-11 (Fig. 1), a painting of intense ambitiousness, done just at the threshold of his breakthrough into Futurism, it is quite apparent that he was indebted to Cubist inventions for the depiction of a fractured space and the breaking down of forms across the picture plane. But to this he adds something the Cubists had noticeably shied away from: color – the kind which illuminated and even decomposed forms in Impressionist painting with its resonance and brilliance. According to the art critic, Rosenblum, Boccioni still prolifically utilizes here a modified Impressionist technique whose atomizing effect on mass permits the forceful symbols of horse and manpower to slip out of their skins in a blur of moving light (Rosenblum, 1996). Figure 1 Umberto Boccioni The City Rises, 1910-11 Oil on canvas 6 ft 6 1/2 ins x 9 ft 10 1/2 ins Museum of Modern Art, New York In this work, painted in a half-naturalistic style and made up of dots and whirling strokes of vibrant color, forms, light and color melt into frenzy of simultaneous activities, each actively pursuing the other for clarity and visual authority. The result is something like visual noise, where each gesture or diminished form takes on the personality of a boisterous shout in a turbulent crowd. The artist attempts to express not merely people moving but movement itself and the collective emotion of the crowd. The relentless activity of The City Rises typified the one of the sides of Boccioni’s character where the brooding, emotional qualities of an artist were not easily suppressed. In the City Rises against the Milanese urban background of smoking chimneys, scaffolding, a streetcar, and a locomotive, enormous draft horses tug at their harnesses, while street workers attempt to direct the animals’ explosive strength. Robert Rosenblum in the book Cubism and Twentieth-Century Art describes pictorial means of â€Å"realizing this veneration of titanic energies and industrial activity† utilized in the painting as anachronistic and focuses on â€Å"the prominent role given to horse power† as on a symbol of that anachronism (Rosenblum, 1996, 180). Yet it appears that radical Boccioni’s treatment of forms within this Cubist space was actually much more conservative than that of his less political friends Picasso and Braque, and he never completely let go of the descriptive character of his work. On the other hand, Boccioni was at some pains to distinguish his movement from that of Cubism. As he saw it, the Cubists were merely projecting as simultaneous onto the plane of the canvas the sequence of aspects from which the object was viewed, whereas the planes of Futurism emanate from the dynamic interior of desolidified objects (Antliff, 2000, 722). When war was declared, he, like many of his Futurist comrades, immediately enlisted and joined the Lombard Cyclists Brigade. After short pause he returned to military service and shortly after was accidentally thrown from his horse during the cavalry training exercise and died following day, aged 33 (Osborn, 2001). It is so ironic that a Futurist should have met his death by being thrown from a horse, when his propagating of speed and dynamism would have recommended a more suitable vehicle, like an automobile or an airplane. Even more ironic seems the fact that the horse was a kind of leitmotiv of Boccioni’s art. In The City Rises immense flamboyant horses energize the foreground while some rather poky buildings rise in the background. It is with reference to the horse that Boccioni explains the principles of Futurism. â€Å"A running horse does not have four legs,† he writes in Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting, â€Å"It has twenty, and their movements are triangular. † (Boccioni et al. ) And perhaps the greatest irony of all was the artist’s welcome embrace of the First World War as a â€Å"cleansing† of culture. However, with the horrors of the First World War, Futurism died too. Works Cited Antliff, Mark. â€Å"The Fourth Dimension and Futurism: A Politicized Space. † The Art Bulletin v. 82 no. 4 (2000): 720-33. Boccioni, Umberto, et al. Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting. 1910 http://www. unknown. nu/futurism/techpaint. html (accessed April 12, 2007). Osborn, Bob. â€Å"The Pre-Futurist Years. † Futurism and the Futurists. http://futurism. org. uk/boccioni/boccframes. htm (accessed February 25, 2007) Rosenblum, Robert. Cubism and Twentieth-Century Art. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1966 Taylor, Joshua C. Boccioni. New York: Double Company, Inc, 1961.

Three Gorges Dam Construction Project

Three Gorges Dam Construction Project Section 1: Goal, Scope and Rationale The Three Gorges Dam is widely accepted as the largest Dam Construction project to ever take place. The main goal of the project was to design and build the biggest hydroelectric dam of the world on the Yangtze River in China, which would be over 180 meters in height and 2.3 km in width. The motivation behind constructing the Dam was in order to control the rivers water levels to limit flooding, and to produce hydroelectric power. (YangtzeRiver.org) (Power-Technology, 2010) The Dam was intended to raise the water level on one side of the river by 100 meters. This would lead to many small towns and buildings that were near the Three Gorges Dam to become flooded. In fact, over one million people were to be displaced in order to construct the Dam. In order to accommodate the people who were displaced, new towns had to be built in order to transfer the people living near the Dam to other safe areas. The project also involved installing some 28 generators in order to produce an estimated 18 MW of hydroelectric power. (LongPassages.org) An additional 6 power generators are planned to be installed in order to increase the Dams power production capacity (InternationalRivers.org) The Dam was also designed to facilitate ship locks, which would be extremely useful in order to a llow ships to travel across the dam without interfering with their travel route options. (LongPassages.org) The Project was given the green light for construction to begin in 1992 but official construction started in 1994. The Project cost was estimated at $9 billion. The project was to be funded by several different sources including international banks from Switzerland and Canada and various other companies. (InternationalRivers.org) Section 2: Strategy Alignment The Three Gorges Dam was a project undertaken by the Chinese government. As the Chinese government obviously did not have the resources available to construct the Dam, e.g. expertise, experience and equipment, the Chinese government outsourced to European and American companies. Western companies which were involved in the project were mainly involved with supplying the power equipment and restrictions were imposed on them. It was agreed upon that the manufacture of the power equipment such as generators and turbines had to take place in China, in partnership with local companies. (InternationalRivers.org) In the example of the Three Gorges Dam, which is a government led project, it can be clearly observed how the project aligns with the governments strategy. China is generally accepted as one of the largest Carbon Dioxide emitting countries in the world coming in second place behind the United States and suffers from increasing pollution levels in the air. In addition to this, China is considered to be a booming economy, with an ever increasing demand for energy. In order to be able to supply this increasing demand in energy, without increasing its carbon footprint, the Chinese government implemented a strategy of investing in clean sources of energy such as hydroelectric power. (DavorH, 2015) To some extent the Three Gorges Dam aligns with this strategy as it promised. The Dam would produce 18 MW of clean hydroelectric power which would in turn reduce Chinas dependency on coal for energy production and would reduce Chinas carbon footprint. Also the Dam would enable the controlling of water levels and hence flooding. (Hays, 2013) (YangtzeRiver.org) There were of course alternative ways to produce clean energy and to reduce Chinas carbon footprint, rather than building the Three Gorges Dam. Some alternatives include nuclear power, solar energy, Wind energy or even investing in making energy production from coal power stations more efficient. All these methods could also have reduced Chinas carbon footprint. Section 3: Management of Risk When it comes to risks, the Three Gorges Dam can be considered to pose many. From risks to the environment, to financial risks, to physical risks, the Three Gorges Dam has them all. I believe that in my opinion the largest risk is the physical risk of a major earthquake. Geologists have confirmed that the Dam lies on the intersection of two fault lines. This is usually the area most prone to earthquakes as tectonic plates slide across each other. It is believed that even though the Dam lies in a high risk area already, the massive weight of the water exerts extremely high pressure on the ground below the Dam which can eventually assist in the formation of an earthquake. Several tremors have been recorded near the Dam since its construction which has raised concern over this phenomenon. (Watson, 2008) It is possible that in the event of a large earthquake, the Dam could possibly collapse. In the event that the Dam would collapse, massive amounts of water would be suddenly released and allowed to travel downstream, as well as massive pieces from the Dam wall. This could result in large scale destruction of property downstream, destruction of the environment and even mass scale death since millions of people live downstream of the river. The Chinese government has been addressed with these concerns from its citizens. The Chinese government has made a statement ensuring the public that the largest scale earthquake that is possible in that region is not large enough to destroy the Dam. (Adams, 2011) I believe the risk of an earthquake destroying the Dam is the most significant risk to the Three Gorges Dam as it poses a risk that occurs suddenly and there is no warning given prior to the event which would enable engineers to assess the situation. Section 4: Conclusions: Evaluation of Project Success When taking into consideration what the main goal of the project was, which was to build the worlds largest Dam and hydroelectric power station, the project has succeeded. The Three Gorges Dam is now the largest Dam in the world and the largest hydroelectric power plant in the world. On the other hand, there were other aspects in which the project can be considered to have failed. The project was aimed to cost $9 billion before construction begun, but by 2012 the expected cost had climbed up to $37.2 billion. The actual cost was more than 4 times the estimated cost before the project had begun and this is a major problem for the projects success. With regards to time, the project begun construction in 1994 and construction was completed in 2006. (InternationalRivers.org) At the end of the Dams completion, an estimated 1.4 million paper were calculated to have been forced to relocated somewhere else, a total of 16 cities, 140 towns and 1350 villages were submerged in water. (BBC, 2012) On the other hand, the reason the Dam was constructed was to produce hydroelectric power in order to reduce the Chinese Governments dependency on coal, and to control flooding. With regards to power production, in 2012, the Dams power production capacity was 22.5 Gigawatts, which is equal to an outstanding 11% of Chinas hydroelectric power production capacity. The fact that a single Dam amounts to 11% of the countries hydroelectric power production capacity can definitely be considered as a success in that manner. With regards to flooding control, Chinese officials have stated that the Dam is a solution to the problem of flooding. (BBC, 2012) In my opinion, I consider the whole project to have been a success, as it has increased Chinas hydroelectric power production capacity by a large amount as well as allow for the controlling of life taking floods. Even though the project cost far more than estimated, and has created problems for some people I believe that the ultimate goal of inc reasing Chinas hydroelectric power production capacity as well as allowing for the controlling of flooding was achieved and therefore the project can be considered a success. References   Adams, P. (2011) Chinese study reveals Three gorges dam triggered 3, 000 earthquakes, numerous landslides. Available at: https://journal.probeinternational.org/2011/06/01/chinese-study-reveals-three-gorges-dam-triggered-3000-earthquakes-numerous-landslides/ (Accessed: 5 December 2016). BBC (2012) Chinas Three gorges dam reaches operating peak. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-18718406 (Accessed: 5 December 2016). DavorH (2015) China hydropower as the right solution? Available at: http://www.our-energy.com/china_hydropower_as_the_right_solution.html (Accessed: 5 December 2016). Hays, J. (2013) THREE GORGES DAM: BENIFITS, PROBLEMS AND COSTS. Available at: http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat13/sub85/item1046.html (Accessed: 5 December 2016). InternationalRivers.org Available at: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/3gorgesfactsheet_feb2012_web.pdf (Accessed: 5 December 2016). LongPassages.org Available at: http://www.longpassages.org/3_gorges_dam.htm (Accessed: 5 December 2016). Power-Technology (2010) Available at: http://www.power-technology.com/projects/gorges/ (Accessed: 5 December 2016). Watson, S. (2008) Why could chinas Three gorges dam cause an environmental disaster?Available at: http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/three-gorges-dam-disaster1.htm (Accessed: 5 December 2016). YangtzeRiver.org Available at: http://www.yangtzeriver.org/threegorges_dam/why-built-three-gorges-dam.htm (Accessed: 5 December 2016).

Huck Finn :: essays research papers

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a story about a young boy who is very wild at the beginning and tries to become â€Å"civilized†. The story is set in the middle 1800’s in the town of St. Petersburg, Missouri. The story begins as with Huck running away from home. His buddy Tom Sawyer tells him if he goes home, Huck can be in a band of robbers. So he goes home. The Widow Douglas, who adopted Huck, tries to teach him about Moses. Huck later finds out that Moses is dead, so he loses interest. The Widow’s sister, Miss Watson tries to teach Huck how to spell. Huck sneaks out with Tom and tiptoe through the widow's garden. Huck trips on a root as he passes by the kitchen. Jim, one of Miss Watson's slaves, hears him from inside. They don’t get caught. Meanwhile, a rumor circulates that Huck's father, who has not been seen in a year, is dead. A body was found in the river, thought to be his father because of its "ragged" appearance. The face, however, was unrecognizable. At first Huck is relieved. His father had been a drunk who beat him when he was sober, though Huck stayed hidden from him most of the time. Based on the description of the body found, however, Huck soon realizes that it was not his father, but a woman dressed in men's clothes. He worries that his father will soon reappear. Nothing happens in Tom’s â€Å"gang†, so the other boys lose interest and quit. School starts and Huck shows improvement. Huck later sees his father. His father gets mad because Huck is the first person in the family to learn how to read. One day Huck’s father kidnapped him, and takes him to a cabin. He locks Huck in it all day. Huck finds a saw and saws through the wall and almost gets out, but his father catches him. Huck runs away again, everyone thinks that Jim killed him, since he vanished the same day Huck did.

The Significance of Language in Richard Wright’s Black Boy :: Wright Black Boy Essays

The Significance of Language in Richard Wright’s Black Boy Richard Wright had the "privilege" to experience America society, probably, at its worst. He saw how humans had the ability to treat other humans. His autobiography tells the tale, but it also gives life to words, to language. Wright had a gift for writing and he uses many techniques to bring that writing to life; for example, the exchange of words between whites and blacks gives the reader insight as to how much respect each race held for each other, or the degree of imagery he uses to bring the book to life. Both of these techniques show how language-words set us apart in society. Back in the 1920's there were lines set before a black man that he was expected not to cross. Blacks were looked down upon in American society; not just by whites, but by everyone, including Jews. When a white person spoke to a black person, that white person expected and demanded respect from that black person. And if the kind of respect that was sought after was given, then you might as well run and never come back. Richard saw this in his everyday life, it was normal, and he conveys it in his writing. For instance, when Richard is arguing with his principal about his valedictorian speech the language that comes from Richard is full of anger and resentment; however, though his tone sings one tune, his words sing a totally different one. The words that Richard spits out at his principal are filled with a certain respect that is not practiced or learned but built in. In any place that Richard ever worked or visited if and when he encountered a white man or woman he removed his hat an d always answered with "yes or no ma'am" or "yes or no sir". That kind of respect and speech had always been around and was assumed around. Richard knew that if you were black and in the white-world you didn't speak until spoken to; and this can be found all through Black Boy. Imagery, Richard uses a plethora of it throughout his book. It is the collection of images that helps you see what Richard is trying to show the world. When Richard is arguing with his principal, you can picture it perfectly.... This tall skinny black boy standing in a small office arguing with this red faced fat white man who is sitting at a desk.

As Separate Peace Essay

It has connections between Genesis and the fall of man throughout the book underlining the main story. Genesis and the fall of man are used in the novel solely to understand human nature and the good and evil living inside everyone. Throughout the book the protagonist Gene, puts himself in a competition with his best friend and biggest enemy Finny. Finny is the perfect athlete and caries along innocence and pure thoughts of life itself and others around him. Gene and Finny both show representations of Cain and Abel as well as the creation of man with Adam and Eve. Much like Cain’s jealousy towards his brother Abel, Gene is very jealous and envious of Finny. Abel was the pure and honest brother who carried out all of Gods orders and pleased him very much, while Cain was the complete opposite. He was seen as rather corrupted and sinful. Gene, in this way, is portraying Cain because in the novel Gene realizes the strong hold that sin has on him and the strong hold on it has on his soul, and he says â€Å" It was just some ignorance inside me, some crazy thing inside me, something blind, that’s all it was† (183). Unfortunately, Gene becomes overpowered by his jealousy towards Finny just as Cain did towards Abel. Gene’s jealousy takes control of his mind and body when he finally realizes he will never be as perfect as Finny. He will never be as good athletically or he will never be as good morally and mentally either. Gene says â€Å"there never was and never could have been any rivalry between us. I was not of the same quality as he† (59). Which shows he knows that he will never win with Finny there. The pain of Gene knowing this makes him make a very unreasonable and ridiculous action that he regrets the rest of his life. Holding firmly to the trunk, I took a step forward and I jounced the limb. Finny, his balance gone, swung his head around to look at me for an instant with extreme interest, and then he tumbled sideways, broke through the little branches below and hit the bank with a sickening thud† (52). The story in Genesis of Cain and Abel is exceedingly similar to that. â€Å"Now Cain said to his brother Abel, ‘Let’s go out to the field. ’ And while they were in the field, Cain attacked his brother Abel and killed him† (Genesis 4:8). These two incidents directly parallel each other and unveil much about human nature. When Gene finally admits to the realization that he will never beat Finny or get close to his level he subconsciously lets his jealousy kill the better man inside of him so what is left is an empty soul. The fall of Adam and Eve is also coinciding with Gene’s tremendous fall in the novel. In Genesis, the story of Adam and Eve is set in the Garden of Eden. In the garden there was no sin, suffering or pain. Everyone was happy and had everything they wanted. The one thing God told Adam and Eve was to stay away from the tree of knowledge of good and evil and to not eat the fruit from that tree, yet that was too much to ask. â€Å"When the woman saw the fruit of the tree was good for food and pleasing to the eye, and also desirable for gaining wisdom, she took some and ate it. She also gave some to her husband who was with her, and he also ate it† (Genesis 3:6). This sin had grave consequences such as â€Å"the eyes of both of them were opened and they realized they were naked; so they sewed fig-leaves together and made coverings for themselves† (Genesis 3:7). Gene’s sin had similar results from when he shook the tree and Finny fell, his life changed largely. The impact of his actions struck him extremely hard and at once he became ashamed and embarrassed of what he did, just as Adam and Eve were of their nakedness so they hid. Gene’s shame relates to the story of Adam and Eve but not just that, it relates to a large population of people today and this is the point Knowles was making and why he related his book to Genesis. As humans, people are automatically going to hide their transgressions behind something else and that’s just human nature. To be able to fully understand this novel you need to know about creation and the fall of man. In every human there is good and there is evil, it will come out at different times and one might overpower the other, but there is till both. Cain and Abel’s story, along with Adam and Eve’s story equally show how the evil overpowered Gene.

Literature, Translation Essay

Indian Literature and Literary Theory The present section is an attempt to define a category: Indian Literature, so that one can conjure up a vision of Indian literature which has become more and more relevant during 21th century. 1. 1 An idea of Indian literature: Indian constitution gives us values : liberty, equality and fraternity. These values are Indian literary values, because literature is highly valued writing. In other words we can say Indian constitution is one although written for the Indian people who speak different Indian languages. Likewise Indian literature is one although written in the different Indian languages because their value systems and consequently value judgements are one. In addition, if there is one particular Indian constitution for all Indians then why not Indian literature? 1. 2 Indian Literary Theory: Indians must study our own tradition first and try to understand its useful theories to enrich literary angle as well as literary creations. We should also study the western or foreign literary criticism and try to accept whatever is useful as per our culture pattern. Chapter II Nativism: Indian Critical Discourse In this chapter an attempt has been made to study, analyze and assess the origin and development of Indian Nativism in literature. 2. Towards Nativistic Literary Theory: i)A number of approaches to the study of Indian Literature are in vogue today – the Marxist, the feminist, the Orientalist, the Postcolonial, the subaltern, to mention a few. Their common drawback is their inability to see that the theory of the nativism is the key to this thought. The basic insight of the theory of nativism is simple enough. Nativism is nothing but asserting one’s own native culture. At the same time it tries to augment the tradition and change it into current coin and makes it acceptable to the present age. However, innovation requires the adoption of western ideas but one should adopt them only on his own terms, on condition that they could be integrated within an Indian intellectual framework. ii)One of the consequences of this adoption of western literary theories was the emergence of modern Indian Literary theory. But one should be aware of the fact that the contact with the west produced two distinct genre of literary theory. One is literary theory in India and the other is Indian Literary theory. What distinguishes the two is their respective intellectual framework. Literary theory in India does not have an Indian intellectual framework. It is primarily a body of western literary theory to be applicable to India. Some Indians adopted them together with their western intellectual framework. The Indian Marxists, Neo-Marxists and subaltern theoreticians were (and still are) the skilled practioners of this genre of literary theory. They used (and still use) the western intellectual framework depending on convenience, but not an Indian framework, in their attempt to modernize Indian literary theory. iii)Indian literary theory by contrast is a body of ideas that includes Indian ideas as well as select nativised Western ideas, both set in a recognizably Indian intellectual framework. Aanand Coomarswamy, Rabindranath Tagore, Sri Aurobindo, among others produced literary theory of this sort. But Bhalchandra Nemade is the most prominent theorist and his prominence is due to his theory of Nativism. He is not afraid of adopting certain Western ideas (i. e. Ralf Linton’s Nativistic Movements from Anthoropology) if he feels that their adoption is necessary for India’s innovation. At the same time, he is careful to keep intact the genius of our civilization. What he wants to keep intact is what is truly original to the Indian way of thinking. And the theory of Nativism certainly is part of it. iv)At present, one finds an unusual proliferation of Indian practical criticism without the necessary native theory of literature. The attempts to westernize or to Sanskritize Indian literary theory into a single system also proved to be inadequate. There is a great problem, which needs to be looked into in order to understand the precise nature of the crisis in Indian criticism. That problem relates neither to the sanskritic tradition of poetics nor to western literary thought. It relates to literary theory in the modern Indian languages. v)In order to evolve a native literary theory based on our national genius, culture and traditions, Bhalachandra Nemade, a poet-Novelist critic, advanced the positive term ‘Nativism’ to start a nationwide literary movement emphasizing India’s many regional languages and cultures, a movement just now being widely recognized and challenged. The concept of Nativism has its affinities with the idealogy expounded by two Mahatmas: Phule and Gandhi, both posed danger to the greater Anglo-Sanskritic tradition by introducing a different system of moral concern which emphasizes truth and threatened to alter the basic characteristics of Indian Society by making its cultural periphery its center. Nemade, successfully, advanced the term nativism, shaped by decentralized impulse rather than centralized one and advocated indomitable literary values : tradition, Indian modernity, new morality, verbal action, truth, language of the people and nativisation. vi)Nativism in Indian literature is not anti-migrant like American Nativism because it is not form of ethnic identity that seeks to exclude those who are not members of the local or indigenous ethnic groups from residing and/or working in a territory because they are not native to the country or region. But Nativism is reactionary and progressive form of indigenism whose agenda can be summed up as an urge for cultural self respect and autonomy. It is nothing but the freeing of Indian literature from alien models and creating the opportunity to make it stand on its own. vii)Nativism is not atavism; those who have a hankering to go back into the ancestral past are called atavistic. Shivsena and Maharashtra Navnirman Sena are atavistic because of their chauvinistic and outdated views. viii)Thus, nativism is a value term. It stands for the writer’s clarity of vision about his place in his society and culture; it stands for mature understanding of things in their proper perspective; and it stands for the writer’s sense of responsibility as an adult to forge in the smithy of his soul the uncreated conscience of his race. ix) Hence, the term nativism needs to be exhibited in the glossary of literary terms as well as in all the Standard English dictionaries. Chapter III Indian Nativistic Literary Values Therefore, in this chapter an attempt has been made to discuss Indian Nativistic Literary values. 3. Nativistic Literary Values: i) Tradition: Nativism locates non-vedic and oral tradition as the most significant creative upsurge of the Indian mind not only for the merit of ideas and insights it can offer but for its place in the process of acquiring Indian sensibility. Nemade is the first important literary critic to introduce nativism which has the context of a living desi (native) tradition inherited from the Satyashodhak (seekers of truth) movement started by Phule. Each nation has its unique culture and civilization, which may be called its soul; hence we should cultivate the habit of looking within and be proud of our Indian culture and institutions in the right spirit. Consequently, we must rule out the colonial and brahmnical literary canons as being the only authentic literature. ii) Indian Modernity: Indian modernity is a culture specific phase of history. In India modernism came to be recognized as synonymous to westernization, hence it is not only great insult to India but also betrays gross ignorance of sociological science. Modernity cannot and should not be transplanted; it must be shaped according to past traditions and present circumstances. We should create our own modernity that suits our ancient heritage and have Indian growth. The real strength of Indian modernity will be tried on our indomitable desi (native) values. Any attempt to be different from the western models which is a sign of originality also may lead to a new native tradition. iii) New Morality: Nemade’s dichotomy : old and new morality, being purely sociological, is a paradigm of Phule’s distinction between true and false morality as expounded in The Universal Religion of Truth. Nemade advanced a modern literary value : New Morality, to set a very high premium on the morality of the writer. Nemade believes that the existence of the novelist implies community and his group consciousness. The writer has to employ his own scale of values, which are based on the original social values. Since literature is an art form the writer must imply a plane, a condition that goes beyond social values. True morality, for Gandhi – New morality for Nemade – consists not in following the beaten track, but in finding out the true path for ourselves and fearlessly following it. iv) Verbal Action: Indian nativism articulates itself gradually through reason. A nativist selects the theme as a verbal action with a specific moral angle in the context of the multi-faceted relation between the individual and the community. And in keeping with the action oriented theme, he organizes the novel through the medium of language. The novel becomes, then, the vehicle of thought. v) Truth: Nativism shows a strong inclination towards realism and social reality, which has been inherited from Jotirao Phule’s The Universal Religion of Truth ; from his writing we can discern quite clearly that he equates truth with reality. Truth has certain inevitable and determinable consequences for nativistic literary theory that it affords to judge literature in terms of its relationship to the world rather than in terms of inherent aesthetic criteria. At the heart of nativism lies a commitment to socialist humanism. Truth as a form of Indian social reality is not a simplistic as the western idea but it has Indian social ramifications from Buddha to Gandhi, hence nativism outwardly follows the Sartreian concept of freedom but inwardly emphasizes the Gandhian concept of absolute and relative truth which lies in the acceptance of the need for a corrective process of experimentation with our own experience. Nativism emphasizes Indian hungers : equality, modernity and spirituality, as absolute as well as relative truth. vi) Languge of the people: Nativism emphasizes the language of the people in the production of culture and priviledges the language and culture of the common folk as opposed to that of the elites, hence Buddha preferred Pali, Mahaveera Ardhamagadhi, Basaveshwara Kannada, Dnyaneshwara and Chakradhara Marathi and so on. Nemade’s nativistic anti-English attitude is Gandhian, which draws our attention to the central literary process in the Indian languages which are deeply rooted in the life of the people with the tradition of two thousand years. vii) Nativisation: Nativism does not mean to suggest that we should be blind to the experience of other nations and develop a kind of narrow nationalism; but it expects that the borrowed elements should be thoughtfully chosen and some of them should be properly nativised. The texture of a vibrant society is strengthened by nativization of abstract and concrete influences impinging from outside. In short, if we believe that nativisation is a value system explicit in theory and practice of Indian literature we should initiate a process of critical reconsideration of our existing culture material and practice it with confidence. Chapter – IV Nativism in Indian Literature An attempt has been made in the earlier chapters to give a detailed survey of Nativism in Marathi Literature and hints for certain comparative studies, particularly, with reference to the nativistic literary values. This work is one of the first attempts towards the creation of a Nativistic model for the study of Indian Literatures – their interrelations and independence, their proximities and distances, their differences in quality and quantity. This study will develop a model of multilingual, multi-literature history of Indian Literature. The efficacy of this model will be examined in future not only by the votaries of multi language literatures but also by the historians of literary complexes, particularly in multi lingual countries. In this chapter, the study focuses its inquires into Nativism in Indian literature in the selected Indian languages. The period covered in the present study is much longer : since 1960 upto the date i. e. nearly 47 years; and the literatures in the following languages approved by Sahitya Akademi have been considered for the purpose : |1 |Assamese |12 |Manipuri | |2 |Bengali |13 |Marathi | |3 |Bodo |14 |Nepali | |4 |Dogri |15 |Oriya | |5 |Gujarati |16 |Punjabi | |6 |Hindi |17 |Rajasthani | |7 |Kannada |18 |Santhali | |8 |Kashmiri |19 |Sindhi | |9 |Konkani |20 |Tamil | |10 |Maithili |21 |Telugu | |11 |Malayalam |22 |Urdu | Research skills, methods & methodology In the present study I have practiced the said skill set, extensively. Alongwith these research skills, I have used the following research methods : 1) Textual analysis 2) Discourse analysis 3) Questionnaire method. 4) Interview 5) ICT based method. 6) Creative writing as a research method. 7) Quantitative method Moreover the methods have been informed by background research into the context of the cultural artifact under scrutiny, the context of its production, its content and its consumption. In this process I have consulted, mainly, original sources for the purpose. Lastly the methods are relied on Nativistic perspective or methodology. Thus, in the light of nativistic theory, a study of nativism has been carried out in the subsequent sections and chapters. In the present study, within research specific contexts, interview data and questionnaire has been treated both as resource and as topic but where to put the emphasis depends on the individual research context. In the present study an attempt will be made to identify whether the concept of Nativism like all other similar artifact is valid for all Indian literatures in their respected languages. 4. Nativism in Indian literature: Outcome of the Study of Questionnaire and Interviews: i)Indian literature, though written in many languages, it has been observed that different regional literatures, i.e. Bhasha literatures, cherish and nourish nativism in different degrees. These literatures display a firmer hold on nativism; and all these literatures though not entirely free from the lures of literary modernism, present greater number of literary works with a splendid awareness of native tradition. ii)The strains of nativism are seen in all the Indian languages and literatures but they do not form the mainstream. However, Nativism has become a dynamic counter-literary movement in Indian Literature. After 1960s, many of the better literary works in Indian literature came from Nativistic writers. iii) As can be expected, Nativism suffered apathy and neglect of the literary establishments as well as stiff opposition from the established elite writers because Nativistic theory is the very reverse of elitist. Elitist represents particular sort of cultural breeding, Anglo-Brahmin in particular. When new kinds of students entered in higher education from supposedly uncultivated backgrounds, Nativistic theory helped them to emancipate literary works from the strangehold of a civilized sensibility. Consequently, Nativism expected literature itself to be an ordinary kind of language instantly available to everyone. Thus, Nativistic theory is shaped by a democratic impulse. As a result, the major literarya movements (currents) have been a part of the Nativistic movements. They are : Dalit, Gramin (rural), Aadivasi (tribal), feminist, muslim and so on. iv)One of the most important developments in Indian literature since 1960s in all the languages has perhaps been the breakdown of the colonial voice, a unifying concern that despite its varieties of articulation characterized the  literature that just preceded the 1960s. v)All the languages had certain father figures represented by specific concerns, conventions and forms characterized by Nativism. vi)The writers, in all the languages, were well aware of the indigenous traditions that were rich in situations, characters, symbols, motifs and archetypes that could well serve as a sourse of metaphors for the conflicts of modern life. vii)These writers raised basic theoretical questions, examined paradigm – shifts and interrogated the set canons. viii)Indian literature, in all the languages, deals with: a)impact of colonialism, b)the legacy of Indian literatute in the post colonial context, c)the continuities and discontinuities of colonial and post colonial Indian literature, d)the possible means of decolonization, e)modernism as a cultural pastiche, f)formal innovations intone with the Nativistic concerns and contents, g)development of Dalit literature and poetics of its own: subaltern literary theory, As a direct example of nativistic line of criticism, we have observed Nativism as a critical theory only in two languages : Kannada and Gujarati. Therefore, in this section, an attempt has been made to evaluate Nativism as a critical theory in Kannada and Gujarati literature. Chapter V Nativistic Readings: The present chapter aims to provide practical criticism vis-a-vis Nativism in Indian literature. It also provides a basic introduction to the Nativistic critical-interpretive perspective that a reader beginning a serious study may bring to bear on literature. This chapter simply demonstrates Nativism as a critical tool, what we call approach, hence it is suggestive rather than exhaustive. Its not definitive but it can suggest the possibilities in literature and literary criticism. Chapter – VI Nativistic Pedagogic Practices: In this chapter our aim has been to present an objective and comprehensive picture of a nativistic approach in teaching literature. Here, we have attempted to establish links between the nativistic approach and teaching methods. We have avoided personal evaluation, preferring to let the method speak for itself and allow readers to make their own appraisals. This study is not intended to popularize or promote nativistic approach only, nor is it an attempt to train teachers in the use of the methods described because teaching literature, as Elaine Showalter said, is not brain surgery, no one will die if we make a mistake about Dryden (2003:IX). Rather, it is designed to give the teacher an introduction to less commonly used method and set of literary canons by which to critically read, observe, analyse and question any literary work of art. Chapter VII Conclusions: Challenges: Ganesh Devi (1997:13) warns that Desivad in literary criticism must carefully guard itself against becoming a militant and closed ideology. It must bring to its practitioners a sense of self-discipline and self-search. Since the world has been shrinking as cultural space and since the exchanges between cultures have increased, Indian literary critics should think of the intellectual traffic between the West and India which has been becoming increasingly unilateral. It should be multi-lateral in the following ways : i) In India we have an ancient wisdom alongwith a stream of knowledge that has flown from the west. The confrontation between these two has brought both illumination as well as a sense of bewilderment. What is now needed is a methodology to disseminate this new wisdom. The exploration of new methodologies is the aim of all the research activities that is being carried out in this project. ii) We have to grasp the awareness that springs out of the harmony and confrontation of the sciences and the arts, the classical and the folk, the indigenous and the extraneous, the occidental and the oriental and the great and the little traditions. iii) We must also strive to express this awareness in Indian languages, as it is only such awareness which finds expression in one’s own language that is useful. iv) Translation, explication, interpretation and criticism are some of the ways in which the new awarensss could be created. v)It is a challenge for the writers to make use of the native resources and adopt them for the expression of modern consciousness. vi)The use of nativistic theory requires re-interpretation for the present cultural movement. vii)John Oliver Perry (2000:29) argues that Criticism of literary texts and even non-literary ones rarely nowadays limits its purview to purely verbal material, i. e. , written or oral tests, but extends its concerns to and from issues, places, perspectives in the wider world. So criticis in India is not merely from or for India, and it is not necessarily directly about India. But it is always at least implicityly a criticism of India. To that extent it contributes beyond the literary scene to the capacity of Indians to think about themselves, their culture and society, their future as well as their past. According to Perry (2000:45) Nativism supports regional culture rather than merely attacks the widening use and power of Indian English or of globalization. So, Nativism would seem to be potentially a prime movement opposing hegemonization and/or homogenization of India’s multicultural diversity. viii)The greatest impediment for Nativism is the problems that come of being, or being accused ‘of being, narrowly provincial, and traditional. But the diversity among regional writers is not found, in Indian context; regarding nativistic attitude. However, Nativism is not susceptible to national organization, but it sometimes ijis allied or confused with those political forces seeking not merely to loosen the bounds of the federal central government to the different states (usually organized within regional language boundries) but also to contain or restratin nationalism itself, which suggests a direct assault on the highly influential Hindutva movement (Perry, 2000:46). Nativism and globalization: Globalization, in literature, is appreciating the variety of desi (native) contents, themes, techniques, styles, literariness etc. of different regions, countries in their individual contexts. An open minded appreciation of a literary work as it is, in its own context, is what is expected in true globalization. The global literary theory can only be shaped by a decentralized impulse rather than a centralized one. This is what is the most positive way to emancipate literary works from the strangehold of a narrow nationalism and throw them open to a kind of analysis in which anyone could participate. The texture of a vibrant society, literature and culture could be strengthened by the multicultural participation and appreciation. It has been argued that the books can be exportable-importable commodities, not the literary values. Each nation has its unique culture and civilization, which may be called its soul. However, it does not mean that we should be blind to the experiences of the other nations and develop a kind of narrow nationalism; but it expects that the borrowed elements should be thoughtfully chosen and some of them should be properly nativised. In other words, globalization, in literature, is nativisation and vice-versa. Therefore, instead of talking glibly of internationalism and scoffing at nativism one should be in a position to decide: 1. which foreign elements need to be imported or borrowed and nativised, and 2. which native elements need to be exported or introduced and globalized. As a direct example of nativistic line of criticism we may look at the western critical concepts : modernism, post-modernism, realism, existentialism, Marxism, structuralism, deconstructionalism, feminism etc. which have been mechanically applied to Indian situation. These concepts could have been nativised after synthesis between these two worlds. Consider, for instance, feminism. In fact feminism is a global and revolutionally idealogy. However, there is an English, American, French and/or Black feminism, still it is global. Then why can there not be an Indian feminism. The Black women unite together under the banner of womanism which denies even the vocabulary of the white race. It was this non-vedik tradition pleaded for equal and common human rights for women and men. It may therefore be assumed that India is culturally mature enough to manipulate the new ideas to its advantage. The Indian feminism could be strengthened by the nativisation of French, English, American and/or Black Feminism. The process of nativisation makes us aware of the fact that our native elements must be exported or introduced and globalised. This is not simply give-and-take policy or export-import market logic if looked into the matter of book industry, leaving aside the literary values Nativism does believe that globalization is a value system in Indian Literature, hence need to export and globalize Indian creative and critical literature in order to stop the unilateral intellectual traffic and encourage the multilateral traffic between India and the rest of the world. Thus, one can follow nativisation and globalization, Globalizing Indian literature is easily possible only through global language, and without doubt, the Indians must accept that English is the world’s first truly global language. Therefore, the only way to globalize Indian literature in general, and nativism in particular, would be to translate into English. Thus, from the outset, Gandhi’s mission was global, hence preferred translations and like Gandhi, Nemade, the father of Indian Nativism, recommends a well-planned programme of translations from the regional languages into English and vice-versa. English education has made us all mental translators in varius measures of efficiency.